Psych 134J week 5

Documentary: 40 weeks 

We need to go to the best 

There is a separation between those who are carrying and those who aren't carrying 

Things that can go wrong during wrong 

She has stomach flu and didn't care 

Homronr - there is be intervention they get 

Amy Shummer - hard pregnancy 

1. The mom who has cancer, but she got pregnant while she had cancer, she was 34weeks when she gave birth 

2. The childbirth for all

   1. She had a tumor, she wanted a vaginal delivery, but she had to get a C-section 

   2. She was going to take her entire uterus, but she did nto want to; she had to get advocacy 

   3. Placenta: barrier is an organ that grows temperature, the 3rd part of labor is delivering the placenta 

   4. The cancer mom died after giving birth, because of the treatment 

Becoming a Parent 

By their very coming into existence, infants

forever alter the sleeping, eating, and working

habits of their parents; they change who parents

are and how parents define themselves”

(Bornstein, 2002, p. 3)

—> the moment gave birth, life was altered and permanently, in that moment 

—> significant change in yoru life instantly affects whole life 

Cell Migration from Baby to Mother 

—--> stem cells, pre-cell DNA, the baby's DNA, and the mother's DNA get intertwined in pregnancy 

→ new information, those cells assimilate into different organs, stem cells become cells

__> 30 yrs after biroth, died, white chromomes assimilate into the mother’s brain CHat hahaa gpt

Gavin S. Dawe — “Cell Migration from Baby to Mother”
Key Findings

1. Fetal-to-Maternal Cell Traffic (Fetomaternal Microchimerism)

1. 
   
   

   • During pregnancy, fetal cells cross the placenta and enter the maternal body. PubMed+1
     
     

   • These cells can integrate into maternal blood, bone marrow, skin, liver, and in animal models even brain tissue. ResearchGate+1
     
     

   • In humans, some fetal cells may persist in the mother for decades after pregnancy.

Placental structure & function: The migration of fetal cells highlights that the placenta is not a perfect barrier; you can integrate this when studying the placental/fetal-maternal interface.

Choosing an alternative 

18% of couples choose to be child-free  

→ now 20% 

→ Increase the number they do not want to have a child 

Disadvantages of having a child

→ results in da rastic change in lifestyle

Creates a time-consuming responsibility

Increases expenses

Introduces the disadvantages for women’s employment

Contributes to overpopulation

Advantages of having a child

Allows for a family life 

Adds an exciting personal accomplishment 

Adds excitement to ife

Provides a sense of love and affection, someone to care for them when I'm old

Teacher Goff: 

Before 6, I regret having no children, 

She did not know she wanted to be a mom at first

Now she wants to be a mom 

There is a lot of stigma, do not want kids 

Loving a child is not enough to choose this life path 

→ when you have a child, choose to scarves a lot of the things uou self selected for another person 

→ you are no longer the priority 

—> EX: I hate the zoo, she was at the zoo, she hated it cause her kids want to be, drastic change in life. 

—> do you like sat or sun, in deciding to have children. 

Deciding to Have a Child

 Fundamental lifestyle changes associated with childbirth

1.  New responsibilities 

2.  Role changes

3.  Brings up old psychological issues

4. A time of “crisis” (LeMasters, 1957)

—> brings up psychological issues when having a kid, something crazy you are a parent and now you have 5 years, 

Comparing your actions with yoru childs actions 

You are comparing and challenging yoru own age memories and confront them. 

→ time of crisis- so severe and extreme is a shock to the system for being a parent.

Cost of having a child

1. Costs of rearing a child to age 3 - (up to) $70,000

2.  Costs of rearing a child to age 17 - $233,000

Food Clothing

Diapers Housing

Healthcare Transportation

Childcare Toys

Education Books

Personal Care Entertainment 

Cost of having a child 

All of these numbers are wrong

 

Breastfeeding is not free anymore

most is cesarean - c sections

Deciding to Have a Child

 Intended vs. Unintended Pregnancies

 45% unintended

yes

 85% of couples who are sexually active but do not use any form of contraceptive will experience a pregnancy within a year

yes 

 Couples who do use contraception may also experience pregnancy

 The least effective contraceptives

spermicides, fertility-awareness–

based methods

 result in ~26% of unintended pregnancies

The most effective techniques:

implants, intrauterine devices, the pill*

 result in <1% of unintended pregnancies→ grapefruit choose effectiveness of the pill, our body is going to do things to stop that from happening (for birth control). 

Fifty-eight percent of unintended pregnancies result in births; 42% are terminated with abortions

yes

A topic pregnancy fallopian tubes and not in the uterus, no way to take the fallopian and uterus, the mother will bleed to death

So abortions are the only way to save the mother.

How Babies are Made 

Female anatomy 

→ egg release in the 

→ fertilization 

→ sperm enter the vagina 

→ sperm pass cervix, in the uterus, reach the ova and lo, open the woman's ovary, 

Indie rhe cerix, swimming for the uterus, some die and they later continue uterus 

Muscles help the sperm travel 

→ half to the fallopian tube and egg, inside the fallopian tube, the sperm wants to reach the egg

→ the membrane of sperm is changes, harder and faster towards the egg, the sperm reaches the egg, 

12 sperms reached and sperm must reach inside the xzone fo the egg, 

→ inside of the zone, 

The first sperm contact will fertilize the egg, a single sperm attaches t the membrane, the membrane fuses 

Egg pulls the sperm and the egg kils the other sperm. kills

Outside the egg, sperm no longer to attach to the egg, 

Inside the egg, 

A new memory forms a new memory material

How Babies Are Made — The Basic Biology

1. Fertilization (The Beginning of Life)
   
   

   • A baby begins when a sperm cell from a man joins with an egg cell (ovum) from a woman.
     
     

   • This usually happens inside a woman’s fallopian tube, after sperm travels through the uterus to meet the egg.
     
     

When the sperm successfully enters the egg, it forms a zygote, a single cell containing DNA from both parents — half from each.

1. Early Development
   
   

1. • The zygote begins to divide into more cells, becoming a blastocyst.
     
     

   • The blastocyst moves down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall — this process is called implantation.
     
     

   • Once implanted, it starts to grow and develop into an embryo.
     
     

2. Growth in the Womb
   
   

2. • The embryo develops inside a special organ called the uterus (or womb).
     
     

   • The placenta forms, connecting the growing baby to the mother’s blood supply through the umbilical cord, providing oxygen and nutrients.
     
     

After about 8 weeks, the embryo is called a fetus. From there, it continues to grow organs, bones, muscles, and features.

2. Birth
   

2. 
   

   • After around 9 months (about 40 weeks), the baby is fully developed.
     
     

When the mother’s body is ready, labor begins — muscles of the uterus contract to help the baby move through the birth canal (vagina) and into the world.

he paper by John L. Fitzpatrick and colleagues, Chemical signals from eggs facilitate cryptic female choice in humans (2020)

• This study pushes our understanding of human reproduction from just “which partner” toward “which sperm from which partner” (or even non-partner) at a molecular/chemical level.

• It shows that the female reproductive tract (or fluid around the egg

→ The sperm is chosen by the egg

yes

 The egg then says you, allows sperm in 

How does it decide, elect the most genetically diverse,

Just letting the egg pick is better, it's more embryos than injected 

Getting pregnant, staying pregnant, and encountering problems 

Importance of planning a pregancy, for the health of the embryo 

Avoid 

Teratogens (any harmful substance) 

Drugs (OTC and prescription) = Stay away from Advil and Tylenol only Alcohol 

Cigarettes 

X rays 

Herbicides/Pesticides Herbicides

Stress

Once she had wine, what is developing in the fetus is what's affected by alcohol

We don't know how much alcohol s consumed, we cannot do an experiment to drink 10 glasses of week and 0 glasses of wine, we can't its unethical 

-> when we do get women, there is stigma and reportsof  lying

yes

Laptops can damage sperm for men  

yes 

Infertility and Its

Treatment

11% of women and 9.5% of men

experience infertility

Common female fertility problems:

• fallopian tube damage

• endometriosis

• ovulation disorders

• hormonal problems

• early menopause

Common male fertility problems:

• lack of healthy sperm

• low sperm concentrations

• hormonal problems

• genetic defects

• impaired delivery of sperm

• overheating of the testicles

→ overheating fo the testicles- with the laptop heating

Infertility and Its

Treatment

Average maternal age in US = 26 years

(Martin et al., 2016)

~20% of parents in US wait until after 35 to

have children

Correlations with delayed parenthood:

• Down syndrome

• Autism

• Congenital malformation

• Miscarriage

→ pregnant after 35 

A lot of risk increases withthe  age of the eggs; the quality gets worse

Females, the quality of the egg

Infertility and Its

Treatment

Chance of conceiving naturally

(per menstrual cycle):

20-29 years: 20% to 25%

30-34 years: 15%

35-40: 10%

40-44: 5%

over 45: 1%

eggs availble

of eggs available at the first menstrual

cycle = 300,000 to 400,000

By age 30 = 39,000 to 52,000 (13% of

the eggs at puberty) → we do not regenerate eggs, 13% you hve now 

By age 40 = 9,000 to 12,000 eggs (3%

of the initial cache of eggs

In your 20s, —> 25% of getting pregant

Egg Freezing

Over the years, egg freezing has ballooned in popularity: in 2017, 10,936 women froze their eggs - or 23 times as many did in 2009, according to data collected by Sart. Silicon Valley companies such as Facebook and Google now offer egg freezing as an employee benefit. Part of its appeal has always been about the promise of more time - time to find a partner, advance professionally and make more money, or to generally find yourself in a better personal, financial or medical situation to consider motherhood. Research from Yale found the main reason women freeze their eggs is due to the absence of a partner.

On average, egg freezing costs $15,000-$20,000 a cycle, including medication, treatment and storage, and the average patient undergoes two cycles. "If you consider the economics of that, what a terrible investment, to spend $15K to get a 15% chance," said Gwen Schroeder, a documentary photographer and film-maker based in Brooklyn.

Egg freezing 

• In your 20s, you think about conceiving naturally  

• Now, they had not frozen eggs in their 20s, they went tinto a relationship, 

• Frozen eggs, pick whether you want as a partner 

• Common theme, you get into a relationship, you feel pressure to get pregnant and have a relationship you don't 

• So now you have to do preganxues

• Now, companies, 15k  money to you to freeze your eggs 

The quality of eggs is better to prevent mental disorders or Down syndrome autism if you wanna get pregnant at 35 and you froze your eggs. 

Infertility and Its

Treatment

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

"Perhaps one of the greatest myths today is

the ability of science to step in and make

babies for women at virtually any age.” –

"The Big Lie: Motherhood, Feminism and the Reality of

the Biological Clock (2014)"

o Intrauterine insemination (IUI)--> track ur ovulation and inject healthy sperm into the uterus directly. Increases odds of getting pregnant ,  800-1,000 dollars 

o In vitro fertilization (IVF)--. Take egg and sperm outside, and in a dish, and let them grow and test embryos genetically to see of they are healthy and chromosomes are healthy, and take the embryo and implant it into the uterus lining and uterus -> 25,000 50% 

o Surrogacy→ carry support, outside uterus, IVF also, 100—150,00 dollars most effective and most expensive way. 

Intrauterine Insemination (IUI)

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a common fertility treatment designed to increase the chances of pregnancy by placing sperm directly into a woman’s uterus during ovulation. The goal is to bring sperm closer to the egg, making fertilization more likely

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most well-known and effective assisted reproductive technologies (ART). It involves fertilizing an egg with sperm outside the body in a laboratory in a petri dish  then transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus to establish a pregnancy. The term “in vitro” means “in glass,” referring to the lab setting where fertilization takes place

Surrogacy

Surrogacy is a method of assisted reproduction where a woman (called the surrogate mother) carries and gives birth to a baby for another person or couple who will become the child’s parents after birth. It allows individuals or couples who are unable to carry a pregnancy to still have a biological child in many cases.

Surrogacy and Genetic vs. Epigenetic Influence

In gestational surrogacy, the surrogate does not contribute genetic material to the baby — the embryo is created using the intended parents’ (or donors’) egg and sperm through IVF. However, the uterine environment in which the baby develops can influence epigenetic factors.

Epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA sequence but can be shaped by environmental conditions, such as the surrogate’s nutrition, stress levels, and overall health during pregnancy. These influences can affect how certain genes are “switched on or off” in the developing baby.

In other words, while the genetic code of the baby remains that of the biological parents, the epigenetic environment provided by the surrogate’s womb can subtly shape aspects of the baby’s growth, metabolism, and health.

Maternal Problems

During Pregnancy

 A miscarriage occurs when pregnancy ends

before 20 weeks

 As many as ½ of all pregnancies → the majory of pregnancies happen within the first 6 weeks,  happens chemica prgancyes, miss carriages, they see two lines and pregancy, ill see you when you are 8 weeks, 

→ if something goes wrong, it will go wrong in the beginning. Nothing for the first trimester. 

 

Ectopic Pregnancy

 

When a fertilized egg implants outside the

uterus

 2% of pregnancies

→ in the fallopian tube, you are releasing pregancy hormones, and you are pregnant and how are you supposed t know 

Symtpmms 

–, burst the tube, 

→ heard that women have pain in their shoulders, she was crazy and sometimes it's wrong and was an ectopic pregnancy because the pregnancy was dangerous and not living.