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Conservation of mass
Mass of reactants equals mass of products.
Limiting reactant
Reactant that is completely consumed first.
Excess reactant
Reactant that remains after the reaction.
Moles
Amount of substance measured in grams per mole.
Avogadro constant
6.022 x 10²³ particles per mole.
Relative atomic mass
Mass of an atom compared to carbon-12.
Relative formula mass (Mr)
Sum of relative atomic masses in a formula.
Concentration
Amount of solute per volume of solution.
Theoretical yield
Maximum expected mass of product from reaction.
Percentage yield
Actual yield divided by theoretical yield, times 100.
Atom economy
Proportion of atoms in useful products.
Moles of gas
One mole occupies 24 dm³ at RTP.
Titration
Technique to determine concentration of unknown solution.
Burette
Device for delivering precise volumes of liquid.
Titre
Volume of titrant used in titration.
Concordant titres
Repeated titrations within 0.1 cm³ of each other.
Mass concentration
Concentration measured in grams per dm³.
Balanced equation
Equation with equal number of each atom.
Chemical reaction
Process where reactants transform into products.
Gas production
Mass decrease when gas escapes during reaction.
Mass increase
Mass increase when gas is a reactant.
Volume conversion
1 dm³ equals 1000 cm³.
Sodium carbonate decomposition
Produces sodium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
Magnesium oxidation
Combines with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
Indicator
Substance that changes color at endpoint of titration.
