Exam 2 Study Guide CCP Bio CSCC Photosynthesis/Respiration

Chapters 5 & 6 Photosynthesis and Respiration

Light Dependent Reactions

Water is split into oxygen and hydrogen ions, generating ATP and NADPH in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

What is produced in the Light Dependent Reactions?

ATP and NADPH

Which reactants are USED during the Light Dependent Reactions?

Water

Where do the light dependent reactions take place?

Thylakoids (thylakoid membranes)

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

are the second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the stroma of chloroplasts, where ATP and NADPH produced in the light dependent reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

What is the energy source for the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle)?

ATP and NADPH molecules

Where do the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) of photosynthesis take place?

In the stroma of chloroplasts. .

What molecules leave the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) and return to the thylakoids to gain energy again?

ADP and NADP+

What reactant is used in the light independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) of photosynthesis?

The carbon dioxide

What molecule is produced during the light independent reactions of photosynthesis?

Glucose (C6H12O6)

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is the byproduct (waste) of photosynthesis?

Oxygen (O2)

What is respiration?

The oxidation of glucose

What is the chemical reaction for respiration (cellular respiration or aerobic respiration)?

6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic uses oxygen, releases 34-36 ATP and part takes place in the cytoplasm and part in the mitochondrion. Anaerobic occurs without oxygen, releases 2 ATP and takes place solely in the cytoplasm.

What are the 3 stages involved in the process of respiration?

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain.

Where in the cell do each of the 2 stages of respiration occur?

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, while the Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria.

What is the end product of glycolysis? 

Pyruvate, which can be further processed in aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

How many ATP are produced during glycolysis?

2

Where in the cell does glycolysis take place? 

In the cytoplasm.

What is the starting molecule of the Kreb’s cycle?

Acetyl-CoA (Pyruvate)

How many ATP are made during the Kreb’s Cycle?

2

What is involved in the electron transport system of respiration?

involves a series of protein complexes and electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which facilitate the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, resulting in ATP production through chemiosmosis.

How many ATP molecules are made during the electron transport chain of respiration?

Approximately 28 to 34 ATP molecules are produced during the electron transport chain of respiration, depending on the cell's conditions and efficiency.

How many total ATP molecules are released from one glucose molecule during aerobic respiration?

Approximately 36 to 38 ATP molecules. (Some books say 34-36.)

What is the difference in alcoholic and lactate fermentation?

Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, while lactate fermentation produces lactic acid. Both processes regenerate NAD+ to continue glycolysis under anaerobic conditions. and release a net gain of 2 ATP.

What are some examples of end products from fermentation reactions commercially?

Alcoholic fermentation: Beer and wine; Lactate fermentation: Yogurt and cheese.

How many ATP molecules are made in anaerobic respiration (fermentation)?

2

Which one makes more ATP, aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic!

What happens in photosystems I and II in photosynthesis?

light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules, which excites electrons that are transferred through electron transport chains. This process produces ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the Calvin cycle.