Exercise Physiology Week 1: Cells and Energy Systems

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering cell structure, membrane transport, and the three primary energy systems used in exercise physiology.

Plasma Membrane

The outside layer of a cell that regulates the movement of substances.

Nucleus

The control centre of the cell.

Cytoskeleton

Protein fibres that extend through the cytoplasm and act as the skeleton of the cell.

Mitochondria

Known as the powerhouse of the cell.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that build proteins.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The transport system within a cell for proteins and lipids.

Golgi Apparatus

The structure that receives and sorts proteins.

Diffusion

The movement of small molecules, such as Oxygen, from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration using kinetic energy.

Osmosis

The movement of Water from HIGH concentration to LOW concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

ATP PCr

Adenosine Triphosphate Phosphocreatine System; a quick releasing energy system used for bursts of exercise lasting less than $20\text{sec}$.

Creatine kinase

The enzyme used to recharge ADP into ATP by donating a phosphate.

Anaerobic Glycolysis

An energy system occurring in the cell cytoplasm that utilizes glucose to produce pyruvate (lactic acid) without oxygen, yielding a net of $2$ ATP.

Aerobic System

The primary energy system for long duration exercise that utilizes oxygen and produces approximately $30-32$ ATP.

Acetyle coenzyme a

The substance formed when pyruvate becomes oxidised before entering the krebs cycle.

Krebs cycle

A stage of aerobic metabolism that extracts energy and produces high energy electron carriers such as NADH and FADH.

Electron transport chain

The process that changes NADH and FADH into ATP through the movement of electrons, resulting in carbon dioxide and water as end products.