Anatomy Exam 1

Anatomy is the study of

Structure

What is gross anatomy? Microscopic?

Gross anatomy - Study of large structures visible to the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy - Study of structures visible only with the aid of a microscope

Histology is the study of

Tissues

Cytology is the study of

Cells

The _____ is the basic unit of life.

Cell

Tissues are composed of

Cells

Organs are composed of

Tissues

Organ systems are composed of

Organs

The _____ is the highest level of organization

Organism

Know the levels of organization in order.

Chemical, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, organism

Name the system in which the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are located

Respiratory

Name the system in which the ovaries, uterus, penis, testes, vas deferens is located

Reproductive

Name the system in which the adrenal gland is located

Endocrine

Name the system in which the spinal cord is located

Nervous

Name the system in which the kidney is located

Urinary

Name the system in which the heart and blood vessels are located

Cardiovascular

Name the system in which the stomach and intestines are located

Digestive

What are the two (2) main body cavities and subdivisions of each?

Dorsal and ventral.

Dorsal subdivided into cranial and vertebral

Ventral subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic

Name the specific body cavity of the spinal cord.

Vertebral

Name the specific body cavity of the brain.

Cranial

Name the specific body cavity of the stomach and liver and other digestive viscera.

Abdominal

Name the specific body cavity of the urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

Pelvic

Name the specific body cavity of the lungs.

Pleural

Name the specific body cavity of the heart.

Pericardial

Name the specific body cavity of the esophagus.

Mediastinum

Which plane cuts the body into equal right & left halves?

midsagittal

Which plane cuts the body into top & bottom sections?

Transverse

Which plane cuts the body into front & back sections?

Frontal (coronal)

The eyes are _____ to the mouth

Superior

The wrist is _____ to the head of the humerus

Distal

The navel is _____ to the organs inside the body

Superficial

The inside of the knee is _________to the outside

Medial

Name the characteristics of anatomical position

Erect, feet flat and slightly apart, arms at side with palms forward, with thumbs pointing away from the body (lateral)

The liver is ________to the spinal cord

Anterior

The upper arm is _____ to the forearm.

Proximal

The brain is _____ to the skull.

Deep

The left lung is _____ to the heart.

Lateral

Know the 9 body regions and 4 quadrants and structures associated with each.

Quadrents - RUQ, LUQ, RLQ,LLQ

Regions - R. hypochondriac, Epigastric, L. hypochondriac, R. lateral (lumbar), Umbilical, L lateral (lumbar), R. inguinal (iliac), Hypogastric (pubic), L. inguinal (ilac)

The majority of the stomach is in which quadrant? Region?

Left Upper Quadrant LUQ

Epigastric

The appendix is in which quadrant? Region?

Right Lower Quadrant RLQ

Right iliac / inguinal

Serous membranes have 2 layers. What are they?

Perietal Layer outer most layer - lines body cavity

Visceral Layer inner layer - lines surface of organ

Name one location of simple squamous epithelial tissue

Alveoli, glomerulus, lining of the heart, blood vessels

Name one location of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

Ducts, glands, kidney tubules

Name one location of simple columnar epithelial tissue

Digestive tract

Name one location of transitional epithelium

Urinary bladder

Name one location of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

Respiratory tract

Name one location of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Skin, mouth, esophagus

Give an example of a holocrine gland; merocrine gland.

In holocrine glands the cell ruptures releasing product

and cell fragments; cells replaced by mitosis (cell division).

Merocrine

glands secrete product by exocytosis.

What is the difference between an exocrine and endocrine gland? What is an example of an endocrine gland?

exocrine glands release their product via a duct into a body cavity or onto the body surface

endocrine glands are ductless, they release hormones directly into the blood or lymph.

endocrine ex. Thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, pituitary, pineal, gonads

Describe each tissue

Name one location of areolar CT

Around organs and blood vessels

Name one location of dense regular CT

Tendons, ligaments, fascia

Name one location of adipose tissue

Hypodermis, around kidneys and vital organs

Name one location of elastic CT?

Wall of large arteries

Name one location of reticular CT

Lymphoid organs

Name one location of dense irregular CT

Dermis, fibrous joint capsule

Name one location of hyaline cartilage

Ends of long bones, costal cartilage

Name one location of elastic cartilage

External ear, epiglottis

Name one location of fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs menisci, pubic symphisis

What is the name of the tissue that provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, and supports and protects organs?

Adipose Tissue

What is the function of blood?

Transport oxygen and nutrients

What type of tissue are cutaneous membranes made of? serous membranes?

Cutaneous - stratified squamous epithelium

Serous - simple squamous epithelium

What is the function of simple vs stratified epithelium?

Simple - absorption, secretion, diffusion, filtration

Stratified - protection

Name one characteristic of epithelial tissue

Polarity, avascular, innervated, sheets

Name two modifications of the apical surface and their function.

Microvilli - increase surface area

Cila - propel substances

What are the 3 structural elements of CT?

Ground substance, fibers, cells

What is the ground substance of CT?

Substance between cells. Interstitial fluid, CAPs, proteoglycans (GAGs)

What is the matrix?

Ground substance plus fibers

What CT fiber is strongest?

Collagen

What are some cells in CT?

Fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells), chondroblasts, osteoblasts, hemoblasts, macrophages, WBCs

What do fibroblasts secrete?

Fibers & matrix in CT poper (areolar, adipose, dense regular)

What do chondroblasts secrete?

Fibers & matrix cartilage; divide to produce new cells

What do osteoblasts secrete?

Fibers & matrix in osseous tissue

What do hemocytoblasts do?

Produce blood cells

Name one cell in nervous tissue?

Neuron, glial

Name the three types of muscle

Skeletal, smooth, Cardiac

What are the distinguishing characteristics of skeletal muscle tissues?

Striated, peripherally located nuclei, long, cylindrical cells; involuntary

What are the distinguishing characteristics of smooth muscle?

Non-striated, spindle-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei; involuntary

What are the distinguishing characteristics of cardiac muscle?

Striated, intercalated discs, centrally located nuclei; involuntary

Where is each type of muscle located?

Smooth Muscle - lines walls of hollow organs

Skeletal Muscle - bone

Cardiac Muscle - heart walls (myocardium)

Identify the classes of membranes

Cutaneous, mucous, serous

What are the layers of the integument?

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

What is superficial? Which is deep?

Dermis is deep to the epidermis

Hypodermis is deepest

Name the strata of the epidermis.

Basae, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

What stratum regenerates new tissue?

Basale (cells are actively mitotic)

Name the stratum not present in thin skin

Lucidum

Name the primary cell type in the epidermis. What other cells are present?

Keratinocytes

Other cells; melanocytes, Langerhans (dendritic), Merkel

What are meissner’s corpuscles and where are they located?

touch receptors in the dermal papillae

What are the products of sebaceous and ceruminous glands?

Sebaceous - sebum (oil)

Ceruminous - Cerumen (ear wax)

What is the difference between eccrine and apocrine sweat glands?

Eccrine glands - produce NcCl and cool the body (thermoregulation)

Apocrine glands - secretion metabolized by bacteria resulting in B.O. (armpits and goin)

What are the 3 skin pigments? What type of cell produces melanin and where is it located?

Melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Melanocytes; stratum basale

What is the function of melanin?

U.V protection

List the epidermal derivatives.

Hair, nails, sudoriferous (sweat glands), sebaceous glands

Structural protein in hair, nails, skin; waterproofs skin

What is keratin?

Know the structure of nails and hair

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

Raises hair, providing warmth

Name the regions of the dermis from superficial to deep.

Papillary, reticular

What region is responsible for fingerprints?

Papillary

The dermis is primarily composed of what type of tissue?

Dense Irregular CT

100. What type of tissue is the papillary layer made of?

Areolar CT