clinical psychology-unit 1

psychopathology

scientific study of mental disorders/difficulties

the four D’s

deviance, dysfunction, danger, and distress

norms

unstated and stated rules for proper conduct

____ includes history, values, habits, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts

culture

Thomas Szasz believed ____ roles to shape what is normal and mental illness to be a ____. “problems in living”

societal; myth

eccentricities

unusual patterns others have no right to interfere

____ ____ is the discovery and self reflection of examining one’s own beliefs and cultural identities differing from oneself to respond accordingly

cultural humility

treatment/therapy

procedure designed to change pathological behavior into more functional behavior

Jerome Frank believed all therapy has all three features:

1. sufferer seeks ____ from healer

2. socially accepted and trained____ who has expertise that is accepted by the healer and their social group

3. series of contacts between healer and sufferer. healer tries to change sufferers ____ state, ____ and behavior

relief; healer; emotional; attitude; behavior

trephination

stone instrument cut circular section of skull to “release evil spirits”

Hippocrates believed illness arose from ____ causes such as imbalance of four ____ in the body:

• yellow bile = ____

• black bile = ____/____

• phlegm = ____

• blood = ____/____

• natural; fluids

• mania

• melancholia/depression

• lethargic/sluggish

• cheerful/optimistic

lycanthropy

possession by wolves thought to occur during the middle ages

____ initially had good intentions to heal before an influx of numbers and decrease space lead to jail-like conditions and mistreatment of patients. public spectacles occurred

asylums

Philippe Pinel argued sick patients needed to be treated with ____ and ____. Benjamin Rush also shared ____ approaches to treatment

kindness; care; humane

somatogenic perspective is psychopathology that has ____ causes

physical

psychogenic perspective is the main cause of psychopathology is due to ____ factors

psychological

hydrotherapy

alternating hot and cold baths

eugenic sterilization

inmoral way of getting rid of ability to reproduce

psychoanalysis is the theory/treatment of ____ emphasizing the ____ psychological forces causing dysfunction

psychotherapy; unconscious

deinstitutionalization

policy shift causing drastic reduction in public mental hospital patient populatins

positive psychology

enhancing positive feelings, traits and abilities

____ ____ understands how the varied histories, opportunities, and barriers experienced by others of different race, ethnicities, genders, etc affect behavior, emotion, and thought

multicultural psychology

intersectionality

individual membership in multiple cultural groups combine to shape certain experiences

psychotropic medication

drugs affecting brain and reduce psychological dysfunction

prevalence

number of people displaying disorder in total population at any given time

incidence

number of cases of disorder appearing during specific period

course

pattern of development and change of disorder overtime

onset

acute vs gradual; age of onset measuring progression

prognosis

predicted future development of disorder over time

development biological treatments included:

• ____ shock therapy

• water therapy

• ____

• ____shock therapy

• ____: favored genes

insulin; lobotomies; electric; eugenics

Dorothy Dix: advocated for ____ and ____ with horrible conditions

asylums; jails

Benjamin Rush believed mental illness was due to the engorgement of ____ ____ in the brain

blood vessels

sociocultural perspective

psychological problems = societal stressors and issues

biopsychcosocial perspective

accounts for all three perspectives: biological, psychological, and social/cultural

histeria was thought to be caused by wandering ____leading to hysterectomies

uterus

hippocrates believed the ____ to be the core of emotion, intelligence, wisdom, and the unconsciousness

brain

____: advanced disease affects CNS leading to behavioral and cognitive changes

syphillis

William Griesinger argued abnormal behavior is from ____ in the brain

disease

Emil Kraepelin argued mental disorders were from ____ diseases

physical

John Grey believed the cause of insanity was ____ , mentally ill were treated as ____ ill, and he improved conditions of hospitals

biological, physically

Pope Innocent VIII decreed ____ to be executed from the 15th-17th century. In the salem witch trials, 19 ____ were hung

witches; witches

believed movement of the moon and the stars affect ____ functioning. ____ forces cause mental disorders: lunatic, full moon energy (____ bias), astrology

psychological; gravitational; confirmation

sigmund freud believed the ____ caused symptoms. critics say freud placed emphasis on sexual desires and aggression. developed the ____ model

unconscious; psychodynamic

Jung thought ____ unconscious and ____ unconscious motivates behavior. came up with the theory of ____ (patterns of behavior)

personal; collective; archetypes

adler believed personality is the innate desire to overcome ____ feelings of ____ (the need to be successful)

infantile; helplessness

Erikson expanded on Freud’s stages of ____. focused on ____ development in lifespan

development; ego

mahler introjected representations of ____ into our personality

caregivers

humanistic theory

everyone has the ability to be the best if in the right environment

anxiety and depression result in the incongruence between real and false ____

self

self-actualization

becoming the best possible version of yourself

humanistic model focuses on ____ experience, teachers ____ and free choice

conscious; responsibility

behavioral model: abnormal behavior is symptomatic of ____/____ problems. behavior is learned through ____ and ____.

emotional; psychological; associations; reinforcement

behavioral model: classical conditioning used for phobias along with ____ ____ or reconditioning someone by slowly introducing the feared item. operant conditioning is used for positive and negative ____ along with ____

systematic desensitization; reinforcement; punishment