Philippine History and Government

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from lectures on Philippine history, government, land reform, taxation, and local history writing.

Constitution

A set of fundamental principles by which a state is governed.

Philippine Constitution

The supreme law of the land in the Philippines.

Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897)

Promulgated on November 1, 1897, it served as the provisionary constitution of the Philippine Republic during the Philippine Revolution.

The Supreme Council

Vested with the power of the Republic, headed by the President and four department secretaries: the interior, foreign affairs, treasury, and war.

The Supreme Council of Grace and Justice

Given the authority to make decisions and affirm or disprove the sentences rendered by other courts and to dictate rules for the administration of justice

The assembly of Representatives

To be convened after the revolution to create a new constitution and elect a new council of government representatives and representatives of the people.

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Signed between the Spanish and the Philippine revolutionary army, leading to the constitution of Biak-na-Bato never being fully implemented.

The Malolos Constitution (1899)

Approved by Congress on November 29, 1898, and promulgated by Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899, it was titled "The Political Constitution of 1899" and was written in Spanish.

Kartilya and the Sangguniang Hukuman

Influenced the Malolos Constitution, written by Emilio Jacinto in 1896.

Biak-na-Bato Constitution of 1897

Influenced the Malolos Constitution, written by Isabelo Artacho.

Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic

Influenced the Malolos Constitution, Mabini's program in 1898

Philippine Organic Act of 1902

The first organic law for the Philippine Islands that provided a popularly elected Philippine assembly.

Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916

Referred to as "Jones Law," which modified the structure of the Philippine government through the removal of the Philippine Commission, replacing it with a Senate.

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act

Passed by the United States Congress with the promise of granting Filipinos' independence but was opposed by Manuel L. Quezon and rejected by the Philippine Senate.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

Also known as the Philippine Independence Act, was passed by the United States Congress that provided authority and defined mechanisms for establishing a formal constitution by a constitutional convention.

Martial Law Declaration

Marcos cited a growing communist insurgency as a reason for the Martial Law, which was provided for in the 1935 Constitution.

Constitutional Convention (1972)

Approved its proposed constitution introducing a parliamentary-style government with a unicameral National Assembly.

Presidential Proclamation (January 17, 1973)

Announced that the proposed constitution had been ratified by an overwhelming vote of the members of the highly irregular Citizen Assemblies.

Benigno Aquino Jr.

Opposition leader assassinated in August 1983, triggering the EDSA People Power Revolution of 1986.

Corazon Aquino

Installed as president on February 25, 1986, after the Marcos family fled into exile.

Freedom Constitution

Maintained many provisions of the old one, including in rewritten form the presidential right to rule by decree.

New Constitution (1987)

Adopted on February 2, 1987, it established the Philippines as a "democratic-republican State."

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)

Extended Agrarian Reform to all agricultural lands.

Federalism

Combining a central or federal government with regional governments in a single political system.

Land Reform

An integrated set of measures designed to eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising out of defects in the agrarian structure.

Agrarian reform

Involves the restructuring of tenure, production and support services structures.

Early Causes of Agrarian Unrest

Post First World War Financial Crisis, Typhoons and Drought and Breakdown of the Kasama System

Tax

Enforced proportional contributions from persons and property levied by the state for the support of its public needs.

Taxation

A rate by which government makes exactions for revenue in order to support its existence and carry out legitimate purpose for general welfare.

Police Power

The power to control everything for general welfare. Lawful means and Lawful subject.

Eminent Domain

The power to expropriate properties for public use for Just compensation

Personal, poll or capitation

Fixed amount taxes imposed on people residing in a specified territory without regard to properties or earnings.

Property Taxes

Taxes imposed on real and personal property.

Excise Tax

Tax imposed on consumption and engagement in the practice of a profession.

Proportional Taxes

Taxes computed as a fixed proportion of the value of an entity being taxed in the rate of consumption.

Income Tax

Earnings are taxed by the national government and are progressive in nature.

Donor's Tax

The act of a certain person in disposing without consideration of money or giving certain thing in favor of another who accepts it.

Estate Tax

Tax imposed on the right of a deceased person to transfer the estate to his lawful heir or beneficiary.

Value Added Tax

Tax imposed on the sale and/or exchange of goods and services

Tax Avoidance

The use by a taxpayer of legally and permissible means or methods in order to avoid or reduce tax liability; it is not punishable by law.

Tax Evasion

The use by a taxpayer of illegal or fraudulent means to defeat or reduce the payment of a tax; it is punishable by law.

Positivism

Insisted that the only legitimate source for the study of the past are written documents.

Kasaysayang Pampook

The writing of traditional local history in the Philippines

Kasaysayang Bayan

Utilizes not just documents but also various sources such as artifacts, oral traditions, material culture, language

Cultural Heritage

Refers to things which are repositories of memories and culture of a particular community such as monuments, public parks, archaeological sites, natural wonders, museums, libraries, archives, among many others.