PART 1

Fertilization

Fertilization

Knowns as conception

Fertilization

Process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell dividion

Ovulation

Rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion and its ovum which occurs every month until menopause

Dizygotic Twins

Fraternal Twins

Dizygotic Twins

Two separate eggs being fertilized by two differe sperms

Monozygotic Twins

Resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical

Heredity

Genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases

• Adenine (A)

• Thymine (T)

• Cytosine (C)

• Guanine (G)

Chemical units called bases

Chromosomes

Coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes

Mitosis

Cell division of non-sex cell

Meiosis

Cell division of sex cells

Mutation

Mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material

Autosomes

Not affiliated to sexual expression

Sex Chromosomes

23rd pair which indicates the baby’s sex

XX

Female

XY

Male

Alleles

produce alternative expressions of characteristics

Homozygous

If two alleles are the same

Heterozygous

If two alleles are different

Dominant

Allele that is always expressed or shows as a trait in that person

Recessive

Usually doesn’t show unless paired with another recessive trait

Polygenetic Inheritance

Interaction of several genes

Phenotype

Observable characteristics

Genotype

Underlying genetic makeup

Epigenesis

Environment can influence when which genes turn on and off

Epigenesis

Refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that alter the way cell “reads” the gene’s DNA

Down Syndrome

Extra Copy of Chromosome 21

Klinefelter Syndrome

Extra X chromosomes XXY

Fragile Syndrome

Abnormality in X chromosome causes ID

Turner Syndrome

Missing chromosome for females

XXY Syndrome

Extra Y Chromosome

Cystic Fibrosis

Overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract

Diabetes

Does not produce enough insulin

Hemophilia

Delayed blood clotting

Huntington’s

CNS deteriorates producing problem in muscles and mental decline

Phenylketonuria

Build up of phenylalanine in the body

Sickle-Cell Anemia

Limits boy oxygen supply

Spina Bifida

Incompletely closed spinal canal

Tay-sachs Disease

Accumulation of lipids in the NS

Anencephaly

Absence of brain tissue

Polycystic Kidney Diseas

Enlarged Kidneys

Alpha Anitrypsin deficiency

Cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy

Alpha Thalassemia

Severe anemia; nearly all die soon after birth

Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)

Severe Anemia; fatal in adolescence or young adulthood

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Males with muscle weakness, minor mental retardation

Carriers

carry one bad copy of recessive gene and one good one

Genotype-Environment Interaction

effects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals

Genotype-Environment Correlation

environment often reinforces genetic differences

Passive Correlations

parents tend to provide environment that encourages the development of that trait

Reactive or Evocative

children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others, other people react to the children’s genetic makeup

Active

actively selects or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies

Niche-Picking

tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype

Nonshared Environmental Effects

result from the unique environment in which each child in a family grows up

Infertility

Inability to conceive a child

In Vitro Fertilization

eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish

Ultrasound Somography

high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen

Fetal MRI

uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures

Chorionic Villus Sampling

• small sample of placenta is removed

• Small risk limb deformity

Amniocentesis

sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders

Maternal Blood Screening

identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects

Gestation

period between conception and birth

Gestational Age

dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle

Cephalocaudal Principle

development proceeds from head to the lower extremities

Proximodistal

development proceeds from the center to outer parts of the body

Differentiation

specialization of the cells to perform various tasks

Blastocyst

fluid-filled sphere which floats freely in the uterus until 6th day after fertilization then it implants itself in the uterine wall

Trophoblast

outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo

Ectoderm

outer layer (becomes outer layers of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system)

Endoderm

inner layer (becomes digestive system)

Mesoderm

middle layer (becomes inner layers of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems)

Amniotic Sac

encloses the developing embryo, protecting it and giving it a room and grow

Placenta

allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo

Umbilical Cord

connects the embryo to the placenta

Embryonic Period

From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 monts)

Organogenesis

Major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous system) develop known as

Critical Period

most vulnerable to destructive influences

Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)

expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb

Stillbirth

miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation (approx. 5 months)

Fetal Period

o From 8 weeks to Birth

o Appearance of the first bone cells

o Final stage of gestation

o Grows rapidly to about 20x its previous length

o Finishing touches

o Breathe, kick, turn, etc

Teratogen

environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development

Teratology

field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects

Malnutrition

Results to fetal growth restriction and low birth weigh

Thalidomide

caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs

Neonate Abstinence Syndrome

sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying and etc.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system

Toxoplasmosis

caused by parasite in the bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and in the intestinal tracts of cats that causes fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, miscarriage, etc

Prenatal Cell-free DNA Scans

fetal DNA is extracted from the mother’s blood and tested for early detection of genetic problems

Labor

process of giving birth

Parturition

series of uterine, cervical, and other changes which begins 2 weeks before the delivery

Braxton-Hicks Contractions

false contractions

First Stage (Dilation of the Cervix) POSITIONING

• Longest Stage

• Contraction re 15 to 20 mins apart

• Cervix opened about 10cm

• For first born, it can last for 6-12 hrs, then shorter for the next children

Second Stage (Descent and Emergence of the baby) EMERGENCE

• Baby’s head starts to move through the cervix

• Boby is coming out

• Approx. 45 mins to hr

Third Stage (Expulsion of the Placenta) BABY OUT

• Afterbirth

• Placenta, Umbilical cord, and other membranes detached and expelled

• Shortest stage

Midwifery

profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and even postpartum period

Doula

caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

used to track the fetus’ heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contraction

Analgesia

pain reliever such as tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics

Anesthesia

used in the late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness

Epidural Block

regional anesthesia that blocks the lower part of the body