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Fertilization
Knowns as conception
Fertilization
Process by which sperm and ovum (sex cells) combine to create a single cell called zygote, which then duplicates itself again and again by cell dividion
Ovulation
Rupture of mature follicle in either ovary and expulsion and its ovum which occurs every month until menopause
Dizygotic Twins
Fraternal Twins
Dizygotic Twins
Two separate eggs being fertilized by two differe sperms
Monozygotic Twins
Resulted from the cleaving of one fertilized egg and are generally genetically identical
Heredity
Genetic transmission of heritable characteristics from parents to offspring
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Long, spiraling ladder whose steps are made of pairs of chemical units called bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Chemical units called bases
Chromosomes
Coils of DNA of smaller segments called genes
Mitosis
Cell division of non-sex cell
Meiosis
Cell division of sex cells
Mutation
Mistake in copying genetic code which creates permanent alteration in genetic material
Autosomes
Not affiliated to sexual expression
Sex Chromosomes
23rd pair which indicates the baby’s sex
XX
Female
XY
Male
Alleles
produce alternative expressions of characteristics
Homozygous
If two alleles are the same
Heterozygous
If two alleles are different
Dominant
Allele that is always expressed or shows as a trait in that person
Recessive
Usually doesn’t show unless paired with another recessive trait
Polygenetic Inheritance
Interaction of several genes
Phenotype
Observable characteristics
Genotype
Underlying genetic makeup
Epigenesis
Environment can influence when which genes turn on and off
Epigenesis
Refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that alter the way cell “reads” the gene’s DNA
Down Syndrome
Extra Copy of Chromosome 21
Klinefelter Syndrome
Extra X chromosomes XXY
Fragile Syndrome
Abnormality in X chromosome causes ID
Turner Syndrome
Missing chromosome for females
XXY Syndrome
Extra Y Chromosome
Cystic Fibrosis
Overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract
Diabetes
Does not produce enough insulin
Hemophilia
Delayed blood clotting
Huntington’s
CNS deteriorates producing problem in muscles and mental decline
Phenylketonuria
Build up of phenylalanine in the body
Sickle-Cell Anemia
Limits boy oxygen supply
Spina Bifida
Incompletely closed spinal canal
Tay-sachs Disease
Accumulation of lipids in the NS
Anencephaly
Absence of brain tissue
Polycystic Kidney Diseas
Enlarged Kidneys
Alpha Anitrypsin deficiency
Cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy
Alpha Thalassemia
Severe anemia; nearly all die soon after birth
Beta Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia)
Severe Anemia; fatal in adolescence or young adulthood
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Males with muscle weakness, minor mental retardation
Carriers
carry one bad copy of recessive gene and one good one
Genotype-Environment Interaction
effects of similar environment conditions on genetically different individuals
Genotype-Environment Correlation
environment often reinforces genetic differences
Passive Correlations
parents tend to provide environment that encourages the development of that trait
Reactive or Evocative
children with differing genetic makeups evoke different reactions from others, other people react to the children’s genetic makeup
Active
actively selects or create experiences consistent with their genetic tendencies
Niche-Picking
tendency to seek out environments compatible with one’s genotype
Nonshared Environmental Effects
result from the unique environment in which each child in a family grows up
Infertility
Inability to conceive a child
In Vitro Fertilization
eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
Ultrasound Somography
high frequency sound waves are directed into the pregnant woman’s abdomen
Fetal MRI
uses powerful magnet and radio images to generate detailed images of the body’s organs and structures
Chorionic Villus Sampling
small sample of placenta is removed
Small risk limb deformity
Amniocentesis
sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and tested for chromosomal and metabolic disorders
Maternal Blood Screening
identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects
Gestation
period between conception and birth
Gestational Age
dated from the first day of an expectant mother’s last menstrual cycle
Cephalocaudal Principle
development proceeds from head to the lower extremities
Proximodistal
development proceeds from the center to outer parts of the body
Differentiation
specialization of the cells to perform various tasks
Blastocyst
fluid-filled sphere which floats freely in the uterus until 6th day after fertilization then it implants itself in the uterine wall
Trophoblast
outer layer of cells that later provides nutrition and support for the embryo
Ectoderm
outer layer (becomes outer layers of skin, nails, hair, teeth, sensory organs, and the nervous system)
Endoderm
inner layer (becomes digestive system)
Mesoderm
middle layer (becomes inner layers of skin, muscles, skeleton, and excretory and circulatory systems)
Amniotic Sac
encloses the developing embryo, protecting it and giving it a room and grow
Placenta
allows oxygen, nourishment, and wastes to pass between mother and embryo
Umbilical Cord
connects the embryo to the placenta
Embryonic Period
From 2 to 8 weeks (First 2 monts)
Organogenesis
Major body systems (respiratory, digestive, and nervous system) develop known as
Critical Period
most vulnerable to destructive influences
Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)
expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb
Stillbirth
miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation (approx. 5 months)
Fetal Period
o From 8 weeks to Birth
o Appearance of the first bone cells
o Final stage of gestation
o Grows rapidly to about 20x its previous length
o Finishing touches
o Breathe, kick, turn, etc
Teratogen
environmental agent that can interfere with normal prenatal development
Teratology
field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects
Malnutrition
Results to fetal growth restriction and low birth weigh
Thalidomide
caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs
Neonate Abstinence Syndrome
sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying and etc.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system
Toxoplasmosis
caused by parasite in the bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and in the intestinal tracts of cats that causes fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, miscarriage, etc
Prenatal Cell-free DNA Scans
fetal DNA is extracted from the mother’s blood and tested for early detection of genetic problems
Labor
process of giving birth
Parturition
series of uterine, cervical, and other changes which begins 2 weeks before the delivery
Braxton-Hicks Contractions
false contractions
First Stage (Dilation of the Cervix) POSITIONING
Longest Stage
Contraction re 15 to 20 mins apart
Cervix opened about 10cm
For first born, it can last for 6-12 hrs, then shorter for the next children
Second Stage (Descent and Emergence of the baby) EMERGENCE
Baby’s head starts to move through the cervix
Boby is coming out
Approx. 45 mins to hr
Third Stage (Expulsion of the Placenta) BABY OUT
Afterbirth
Placenta, Umbilical cord, and other membranes detached and expelled
Shortest stage
Midwifery
profession that provides health care to women during pregnancy, birth, and even postpartum period
Doula
caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth
Electronic Fetal Monitoring
used to track the fetus’ heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contraction
Analgesia
pain reliever such as tranquilizers, barbiturates, and narcotics
Anesthesia
used in the late first stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness
Epidural Block
regional anesthesia that blocks the lower part of the body
Note 
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