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Descent with Modification
Species evolve by accumulating differences over time.
Darwinian Revolution
Shift in scientific thought due to Darwin's ideas.
The Origin of Species
Darwin's 1859 publication initiating evolutionary biology.
Scala Naturae
Aristotle's hierarchy of species complexity.
Fixed Species Concept
Belief that species do not change over time.
Binomial Nomenclature
Two-part naming system for species by Linnaeus.
Paleontology
Study of fossils and ancient life forms.
Fossil Strata
Layers of sedimentary rock containing fossils.
Georges Cuvier
Pioneered paleontology and studied fossil layers.
Catastrophism
Theory that life changes due to catastrophic events.
Adaptation
Changes in species to better fit environments.
Sedimentary Rock
Rock formed from sediment, often containing fossils.
Species Extinction
Disappearance of species over geological time.
Evolutionary Change
Gradual transformation of species over generations.
Natural History
Study of organisms and their interactions over time.
Aristotle's Classification
Early system categorizing species by complexity.
Cuvier's Observations
Older fossils differ significantly from modern species.
Strata Boundaries
Layers indicating periods of significant environmental change.
Influence of Travels
Darwin's journeys shaped his evolutionary theories.
James Hutton
Proposed gradual formation of Earth's geologic features.
Charles Lyell
Argued geologic processes operate at consistent rates.
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
Proposed use and disuse for evolutionary change.
Descent with modification
All organisms relate through common ancestry.
Natural selection
Survival of individuals with advantageous inherited traits.
Adaptations
Inherited traits enhancing survival and reproduction.
Galápagos Islands
Site of Darwin's observations of diverse species.
Artificial selection
Humans breed organisms for desired traits.
Thomas Malthus
Wrote about population growth exceeding resource availability.
Homology
Similarity due to common ancestry among species.
Vestigial structures
Remnants of features from ancestors with functions.
Convergent evolution
Similar traits evolve independently in unrelated groups.
Fossil record
Evidence of species extinction and evolution over time.
Biogeography
Study of species distribution influenced by geography.
Evolutionary trees
Diagrams showing relationships among species over time.
Comparative embryology
Similarities in embryos reveal evolutionary relationships.
Descent with modification by natural selection
Explains unity, diversity, and adaptations of life.
Darwin's voyage on HMS Beagle
Five-year journey that influenced his evolutionary theories.
Inferred traits
Traits that increase survival accumulate in populations.
Survival of the fittest
Individuals best adapted to environment survive longer.
Common ancestor
An ancestral species from which others evolved.
Gradualism
Evolution occurs slowly through small, incremental changes.
Adaptive radiation
Rapid evolution of diverse species from a common ancestor.
Species diversity
Variety of species within a given ecosystem.
Extinction
Permanent loss of a species from Earth.
DNA evidence
Genetic data supporting evolutionary relationships among species.
Evolutionary mechanisms
Processes driving changes in species over time.
Scientific theory
A well-supported explanation of natural phenomena.
Research questions
New inquiries stimulated by Darwin's evolutionary theory.
