AP World History: Developments in East Asia, Dar al-Islam, and Europe (1200-1450)

What was the significance of the Song Dynasty in China?

The Song Dynasty (960-1279) brought wealth, political stability, artistic and intellectual innovations, developed the greatest manufacturing capability, and shifted China to a commercialized society.

What was the Grand Canal's role in postclassical China?

The Grand Canal was an efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

How did agriculture develop in postclassical China?

China built elaborate irrigation systems and used heavy plows pulled by water buffalo or oxen, increasing food production and population growth.

What was the tribute system in China?

The tribute system was an arrangement where other states paid money or provided goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

What social structure existed in China during the Song Dynasty?

The social structure included the emperor, gentry/aristocrats/wealthy landowners, civil service, peasants/farmers/artisans, and merchants.

What was the role of women in Song Dynasty China?

Women were expected to defer to men, exemplified by the practice of foot binding.

What were the three forms of Buddhism that influenced China?

The three forms were Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism.

What is Neo-Confucianism?

Neo-Confucianism evolved between 770 and 840 as a syncretic system combining rational thought with Daoism and Buddhism.

What characterized feudalism in Japan?

Japan was a feudal society without centralized government, where landowning aristocrats (daimyo) battled for control, and most people worked as rice farmers.

What significant political change occurred in Japan in 1192?

The Minamoto clan installed a shogun, a military ruler, marking the start of a centralized military government.

What was Korea's relationship with China?

Korea had a direct tributary relationship with China, centralizing its government in a similar style and adopting Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

How did the aristocracy in Korea differ from that in China?

Korea maintained a more powerful landed aristocracy, limiting social mobility compared to China.

What social structures were present in Vietnam?

Vietnamese women had greater independence in marriage, preferred nuclear families, and villages operated independently without political centralization.

What was the nature of bureaucracy in Vietnam?

Vietnam adopted a merit-based bureaucracy of educated men who owed allegiance to village peasants rather than the emperor.

What was the impact of Buddhism on China during this period?

Buddhism spread from India to China via the Silk Roads, influencing culture and religious practices.

What technological advancement spread from China to Eurasia?

The technology of gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia through traders on the Silk Roads.

What was the role of the Song government regarding the poor?

The Song government provided aid to the poor and established public hospitals for care.

What was the main agricultural tool used in postclassical China?

Heavy plows pulled by water buffalo or oxen were the main agricultural tools used to increase productivity.

What was the main economic shift in China during the Song Dynasty?

China shifted from local production to market production, becoming the world's most commercialized society.

What was the significance of the tributary relationship for Korea?

Korea's tributary relationship with China provided economic benefits and cultural exchange.

How did social mobility differ between China and Korea?

China's meritocracy allowed for greater social mobility, while Korea's aristocracy limited it.

What was the primary focus of Vietnamese villages?

Vietnamese villages operated independently of a national government, emphasizing local governance.

Who laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject?

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

What is significant about 'A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah in literature?

She may be the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century, with works describing her journey toward mystical illumination.

How did medical advances improve in cities like Cairo?

Medical advances and hospital care improved, with doctors and pharmacists studying for examinations for licenses to practice.

How were merchants viewed in Islamic society compared to other societies?

Islamic society viewed merchants as more prestigious than did other societies in Europe and Asia at the time.

What economic opportunity arose for merchants due to the revival of trade on the Silk Roads?

Merchants could grow rich from their dealings across the Indian Ocean and Central Asia.

What rights did Muslim women have compared to Christian or Jewish women?

Muslim women could inherit property, retain ownership after marriage, remarry if widowed, receive a cash settlement if divorced, and practice birth control.

What was the House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad known for?

It was a center for the preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy.

What was the outcome of the Muslim invasion of Spain in 711?

Muslim forces successfully invaded Spain, leading to seven centuries of Muslim rule.

What was the climate of toleration created by Umayyad rulers in Córdoba?

Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted peacefully.

What was the duration of the Chola Dynasty's reign in southern India?

The Chola Dynasty reigned for more than 400 years from 850 to 1267.

What characterized the political stability of southern India compared to northern India?

Southern India was more stable, while northern India experienced significant upheaval after the fall of the Gupta Empire.

What was the Delhi Sultanate's role in introducing Islam to India?

The Delhi Sultanate reigned for 300 years from the 13th through the 16th centuries, bringing Islam into India.

What are some key differences between Hinduism and Islam?

Hindus pray to many gods while Muslims are monotheistic; Hindu art features deities while Islam prohibits visual representation of Allah; Hinduism has a caste system while Islam promotes equality; Hindus have multiple sacred texts while Muslims follow the Quran.

How did the arrival of Islam affect the caste system in South Asia?

The arrival of Islam did little to alter the basic structure of society, and most attempts to escape the caste system failed.

What was the Bhakti Movement?

Beginning in the 12th century, it emphasized emotional attachment to a particular deity rather than rituals or studying texts.

Which regions were influenced by South Asia?

Southeast Asia, including today's Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam.

What was the Srivijaya Empire?

A Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra that existed from 670 to 1025.

What kingdom prospered by charging fees for ships traveling between India and China?

The Majapahit Kingdom.

What was the religious affiliation of the Majapahit Kingdom?

Buddhist.

What was the significance of the Khmer Empire's irrigation systems?

They led to economic prosperity, making it one of the most prosperous kingdoms in Southeast Asia.

What was the first large-scale civilization in North America?

The Mississippian Culture.

Where did the Mississippian Culture originate?

In the Mississippi River Valley.

What characterized the social structure of the Mississippian society?

It had a rigid class structure and was matrilineal.

When did the Mayan civilization reach its height?

Between 250 and 900 CE.

What regions did the Mayan civilization cover?

Southern Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala.

What was the main political structure of the Mayan civilization?

City-states, each ruled by a king.

What claim did each Mayan king make about their lineage?

They claimed to be descendants of a god.

How were Mayan science and religion interconnected?

They were linked through astronomy.

What were the Aztecs originally before migrating to central Mexico?

Hunter-gatherers.

What significant city did the Aztecs found in 1325?

Tenochtitlan.

What type of government did the Aztecs have?

A theocracy, where religious leaders held power.

What was a key aspect of Aztec worship?

It involved rituals, feast days, and human sacrifices.

What system did the Incan Empire use instead of a tributary system?

The mit'a system, which required mandatory public service.

What does the name 'Inca' mean?

People of the sun.

Who was the most important god in Incan religion?

Inti, the sun god.

What agricultural innovation did the Inca develop?

Sophisticated terrace systems for crops like potatoes and maize.

What was a key social structure in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Kin-based networks where families governed themselves.

What impact did the spread of Islam have in Africa?

It added to the continent's religious diversity, alongside animism and Christianity.

What weakened the Ghanaian state by the 12th century?

Wars with neighboring societies.

What was the most powerful trading society that arose in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Mali

What were the main sources of prosperity for Zimbabwe?

A mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and gold.

How did Ethiopia flourish economically?

By trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa.

What social structures organized small communities in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Kinship, age, and gender.

What roles did men and women typically have in Sub-Saharan African societies?

Men dominated specialized skills, while women generally engaged in agriculture and food gathering.

Who were often enslaved in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Prisoners of war, debtors, and criminals.

What was a consequence of owning a greater number of enslaved people in Sub-Saharan Africa?

It increased one's social status.

What demand led to the Indian Ocean slave trade?

A strong demand for enslaved workers in the Middle East.

How did traditional African religions communicate with the spirit world?

Through ancestor veneration and song lyrics.

What characterized African music?

A distinguished rhythmic pattern with vocals interspersed with percussive elements.

What was the role of griots in Sub-Saharan Africa?

They were storytellers who served as conduits of history for a community.

What did feudalism provide to peasants and warriors?

Security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord.

How was wealth measured in the feudal system?

Wealth was measured in land rather than in cash.

What was the purpose of the manorial system?

To provide economic self-sufficiency and defense.

How did monarchies change in the later Middle Ages?

They grew more powerful at the expense of feudal lords by employing their own bureaucracy and military.

Who was the first king to develop a real bureaucracy in France?

King Philip II.

What was the Estates-General in France?

A body that advised the king, including representatives from the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

What was the Hundred Years' War?

A series of battles fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453.

What significant event occurred in 1054 regarding the Christian Church?

The Great Schism, which divided the Church into Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

What role did the Roman Catholic Church play in the Middle Ages?

It held great power in the feudal system and established the first universities in Europe.

What led to corruption in the Roman Catholic Church during the 13th and 14th centuries?

Wealth and political power.

What was the goal of the Christian Crusades?

To reclaim control of the Holy Land in the Middle East.

What factors contributed to the pressure among Europeans to invade the Middle East in the 11th century?

Economic and social trends.

What series of military campaigns occurred from 1095 to the 1200s due to religious, social, and economic pressures?

The Crusades.

What social class emerged during the economic changes in Europe, including shopkeepers and merchants?

The bourgeoisie.

What was a significant consequence of renewed commerce in Europe during this period?

The growth of larger cities and more frequent markets.

What widespread sentiment did Christians have towards Jews during this time?

Anti-Semitism, viewing Jews as outsiders and untrustworthy.

When were Jews expelled from England, France, Spain, and Portugal?

England in 1290, France in 1394, Spain in 1492, and Portugal in 1497.

What happened to Muslims in Spain in 1492?

The Spanish king expelled the remaining Muslims who would not convert to Christianity.

How did urbanization affect women's rights during this period?

Women lost many rights due to the growing wave of patriarchal thinking.

What period is characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture?

The Renaissance.

What invention by Johannes Gutenberg contributed to the spread of ideas during the Renaissance?

The movable-type printing press.

What was a key focus of humanism during the Renaissance?

The emphasis on individuals rather than God.

What was the status of the Song Dynasty in China during the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450?

It continued progressing.

What happened to the Abbasid Caliphate during this period?

It was fragmented by invaders.

What type of government did the rulers of Mali create in Africa?

A more centralized government.

What systems did the Aztecs and Incas use for governance?

The Aztecs used a tributary system, while the Incas used the mit'a system.

How did feudal ties change in Western and Eastern Europe during this period?

Feudal ties reduced in Western European kingdoms but not in Eastern Europe.

What was unique about Japan's state structure compared to most states during this period?

Japan became more decentralized and feudal.