PWS 112 Floral Design Exam 1 Quizlet

Who devised a scientific naming system of plants?

Carl Linnaeus

When was the scientific naming of plants created?

the 1700's

Who was Carl Linnaeus and where was he from?

Swedish Botanist who created the binomial system

What is a binomial naming system?

Two word name to identify various plant species (Genus name + species name)

Why is Latin or the Latin-based name used?

Scholars and scientists have used Latin for a long time - it's the international language of science

Define botanical name and scientific name

Botanical name = binomial name = scientific name = Latin name

Define genus

The first word used in the binomial name of a plant, italicized and capitalized

Define species

The second word in the binomial name of a plant that is italicized but not capitalized - the specific epithet

Define hybrid

A cross plant between two different species

Define cultivar

A specific form of a species or hybrid, bred for specific qualities, not italicized, written in single quotes

Define taxonomic botanist

One who identifies, classifies, and names plants

Why is it advantageous to know scientific names?

Because they are used around the world, and everyone will know what you are talking about - it's the only unmistakable and unfailing name for a plant

What is a common name?

The name by which a flower is generally known

What is a plant "family"?

A classification of plants that includes several genera of similar characteristics

Although the sunflower has long been a member of the Compositae family, the name was updated to what?

Asteraceae

Why is it sometimes beneficial to know the name origin of a genus scientific name?

It provides a guide to the derivation and meaning of scientific names

Although most flowers are available year-round, why are some still classified as seasonal?

Because some are still only available for a couple months out of the year

Name some examples of seasonal branches.

Magnolia, acacia, forsythia, crabapple, pomegranate

Why is some foliage considered "seasonal" and is only harvested for 3 or 4 months each year?

They are used and associated only with a specific season

Why are some leaves from potted plants used in floral design?

They are used for their patterns, colors, and visual interest

In addition to cut foliage and leaves, what are some other plant parts (besides flowers) that are often used in floral designs?

grasses, herbs, vines, bamboos, berries, sticks, pods

What is the definition of "cut foliage" and what are alternative names in the floral industry for cut foliage?

Cut greens or foliage that is cut from its mother plant and packaged in bunches

What are "woody cuts" and what are requirements to be used in the floral industry?

branches and stems harvested from woody vines, shrubs, and trees. must have tall stems and quality postharvest life or vase life.

Name some examples of flowering branches from woody cuts.

forsythia, plum, and pussywillow

Where was Carolus Linnaeus from and what was his profession? (look in the glossary in the back of the text for more information on Linnaeus for answers to test questions on him).

Swedish botanist originally called Karl von Linne

Which 3 countries are producers and exporters and continue to be the leaders in worldwide cut flower exports?

Colombia, Ecuador, and the Netherlands

Name the 3 main worldwide staple crops.

Roses, carnations, and chrysanthemums

What does "seasonal availability" refer to?

refers to the peak supply times for flowers and foliage due to plants natural growth

Why are flowers generally harvested in the early morning?

because they have higher carbohydrate levels in the mornings and therefore they last longer because they contain stored energy

What 3 US crops are available by grade or a grading system?

Roses, carnations, and gladioli

What are the factors or characteristics that determine grade?

stem length, stem strength, stem straightness, flower size and petal count, uniformity, freedom from defects, foliage quality, and typical vase life

Domestic roses produced in the US are often sold in what length increments and how are they typically labeled?

They are sold in 4 inch increments with stem lengths from 10-30 inches. labels: shorts, mediums, longs, fancy, and extra fancy

Most worldwide roses are sold in what lengths and how are they identified?

10 centimeter increments. stem lengths are 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 centimeters. identified as shorts, mediums, longs, extra longs, and extra-extra longs

How many roses and carnations are typically bunched together?

25

What about other flower types?

10 or 12

What are the factors that determine how many flowers are grouped in spray-type flowers?

The number of open flowers, by weight, or by bunch size

What does UPC stand for and why are these codes now used on bunches and boxes?

Universal Product code. helps reduce manual labor and minimize human error, cut cost, and speeds the delivery of the flowers

What is a conditioning solution and how is treatment done?

The process of preparing flowers for shipment, storage, or arrangement. Flowers are re-cut and put in buckets of special liquid solutions

Explain about rehydration treatment and what is in the solution.

Quickly hydrates flowers. solution consists of deionized water that is acidified with citric acid to a ph near 3.5. wetting agents and germicide. No sugar.

Explain about the pulsing process and what is in a pulsing solution.

Post harvest treatment that loads flowers with sugar prior to shipment. main ingredient: sucrose (2-20%). Goal is to extend vase life.

Why are some flowers pulsed with silver thiosulfate?

Some flowers are pulsed with silver thiosulfate (STS) to reduce ethylene effects.

Generally it is advantageous to have tight buds, so why then would a bud-opening solution be used?

Used for flowers that were harvested at an immature stage, and wouldn't otherwise open to their full potential

Who carries out the bud opening solution treatment and what conditions must also be incorporated to help open buds beautifully and quickly?

High humidity, warm temperatures, and high light intensity. Usually done by wholesalers and retailers.

What is tinting and how and why is this process done?

The artificial coloring of flowers. It's either done internally through the stem, or externally dipping/spraying the flower.

Why is flexible netting used on some flowers for shipping?

Used to protect fragile flowers during shipping.

How many gardenias generally are packaged in a box?

3 to a box

How many stephanotis blossoms are packaged together in one box?

25 to a box

Why are most flowers "dry-packed" in long and low boxes?

To keep transportation costs low

What is a hamper box and what two flower crops are often shipped in hampers?

An upright box used to stop geotropic bending in gladioli and snapdragons.

What are the specialized strong square and rectangular plastic containers named that are used to ship flowers with water?

Procona

What is precooling ?

a process that replaces the warm air in a box of flowers with refrigerated air

What is ethylene and what are its effects?

natural gas produced by all plants. causes abscission of florets and leaves, leaf yellowing, and flower distortion.

What is the route of distribution?

Grower → auction → broker → wholesale → retail → final consumer

What is an auction?

A centralized wholesale facility where flowers are auctioned off to brokers, wholesalers, and retailers. Products are inspected and graded

What is the role of a broker?

Handles functions between growers and wholesalers, represents a grower or group of growers

What is another name for a broker?

Middle man

What is the function of a wholesaler?

The traditional middleman who buys flowers from growers and brokers to retailers. Breaks up the bulk quantities into bunches.

Why do most wholesalers have various temperature coolers?

Because different types of flowers do better at different temperatures

What are the proper storage cooler conditions for cut flowers?

Most flowers are 36-38℉, Tropical flowers 50℉, Roses 34 ℉

Who are final consumers?

The last person who receives the flowers

Name two wire service companies that spend millions of dollars promoting flowers

Florists' Transworld Delivery, Inc. (FTD) and Teleflora

Be familiar with the trade association SAF.

The Society of American Florists (SAF) provides information and conducts research on the benefits of flowers

What is flower nomenclature?

Botanical or scientific system of naming plants and plant parts.

A botanically complete flower contains what 4 parts?

Petals, sepals, pistils, stamens

What is the showpiece of a flower?

Petals.

Generally sepals are what color?

Green

What is the pistil portion of a flower?

the female reproductive parts of a flower that occupy the central position within the flower

What is the stamen part of a flower?

threadlike extensions that stand up-right from the perianth (the perianth is all the petals/corolla and sepals/calyx combined)

What are anthers and why are they often removed on cut lilies?

The part of the stamen that has pollen. They are often removed because they can stain clothing

How does a solitary flower differ from that of an inflorescence?

An inflorescence is a flower that is made up of several florets instead of one like a solitary flower

What are the botanical terms for the main stem of a flower, and for the lateral stems?

Main stem - peduncle. Lateral stems - pedicles.

Be able to recognize the stick figures and examples of the following inflorescence patterns:

spike, raceme, panicle, corymb, cyme, umbel, compound umbel, spadix with surrounding spathe, catkin, and head flower.

Which are the ray florets and which are the disc florets on a head flower?

The central portion of a head flower is generally composed of tiny tubular florets called disc flowers; ray flowers radiate out from the head, often on the margin or outer portion, giving the flower a daisy-like look.

What is the botanical term for a flower stem that does not have ordinary leaves?

Scapose

Name two examples of cut flowers that do not have leaves on the stem.

Gerbera and Calla Lily

Tell the difference between a simple leaf and that of a compound leaf.

A simple leaf has a single blade, while a compound leaf has more than one blade

Be able to recognize and identify the three main vein patterns of leaves.

Parallel, pinnate, palmate

What is the edge of a leaf called?

The margin

What are genetic factors and common physical and physiological factors that determine longevity for cut flowers?

Stem diameter and stiffness

What is senescence in cut flowers?

The aging process

What is postharvest physiology?

the division of plant physiology that deals with the metabolic processes in plant material after it has been harvested.

When flowers drink in water they become turgid, which means what?

Firm

What are the xylem and phloem?

Xylem is the the plumbing system of the flower stem that carries water throughout the plant, and the phloem is the plumbing system that transports food.

What is the typical reason that cut flowers wilt and die prematurely?

The inability to absorb water

What is plugging?

Stem blockage due to air, debris, or microorganisms

What is transpiration?

Water loss

What are stomata?

The pores of the leaves (regulate transpiration)

How can transpiration be reduced?

Increased humidity, and low temperatures.

What is respiration in cut flowers and how can the respiration rate be lowered and the use of carbohydrates slowed?

Process where food and sugars are broken down. To lower respiration lower surrounding temperatures

What is a tropism, specifically phototropism and geotropism?

Tropism is a growth curve caused by an external stimulus such as light or gravity. Phototropism - light. Geotropism - gravity.

What is the "aging hormone" and what are its effects on cut flowers?

Ethylene, causes flowers to deteriorate.

Ethylene gas is naturally produced by what?

Plants and flowers

High levels of ethylene are associated with what?

Ripening fruits (apples)

What is the single most important factor in postharvest flower care and handling?

Temperature management

Why is precooling of cut flowers encouraged?

To increase postharvest longevity.

Boxes of flowers and foliage are precooled in large coolers set at what temperature?

33℉-35℉ (except for tropical flowers)

How does forced air move through the boxes and for how long does this process take to get to desired temp?

Forced air moves through open flaps at the ends of the boxes, for 30-60 minutes

Describe "processing" and when is this done?

It is the initial treatment of fresh flowers at each level of distribution

Why re-cut stems?

The stems have become plugged or blocked due to healing from an earlier cut, debris, the growth of microorganisms, and even air that has been drawn up into the stem.

How much stem at the base should be cut to open up the water-conducting vessels of the xylem?

1-3 inches at the base of the stem