2.2 Mongols

Mongol’s reputation

• Full of slaughter and destruction

How did Temujin gather and keep power

• Was intensely focused on building power 

• Appointed talent over family 

• ruthless 

• valued personal loyalty

• REligious tolerance 

Kuriltai

• Council of elders from family of powerful leader

• Where the mongol chieftains all gathered at a meeting

• (Temujin was elected Khan there)

How did Mongols defeat jin empire?

• Genghis Khan and his troops headed east and attacked first

Khanate

• A kingdom

Communications systems, how they helped the Mongols?

• They planned out their attacks 

• communicated how to travel 

• When to attack

• How to attack 

Which groups would be spared by the Mongols?

• Craftworkers 

• miners 

• others with skills 

• people with the ability to read and write 

Which groups wouldn't be spared by the Mongols?

• The aristocrats 

Siege weapons

• portable towers used to attack walled fortifications and catapults that hurled stones or other objects 

Pax mongolica

• Mongolian peace

Genghis khan’s social policies

• Religious tolerance

• soldiers protected silk road and helped trade go smoother 

• established new trade channels 

Uyghur alphabet

• Imperial language of the Mongols 

• Unified empire 

• supported and represented mongols 

• directed scribe captured 

• Was used as an effort to establish one system throughout the empire, but failed 

• Still used in Mongolia today 

Who was Batu?

• Son of Khans oldest son

• led Mongolian army of 100,000 soldiers into Russia

• his army was the golden horde

What’s the golden horde

• Batu’s army

• conquered small Russian kingdoms and forced them to pay tribute

How did Mongols maintain power in Russia?

• Ruled by working through existing Russian rulers, who sent regular tributes

How did Russian overthrow the Mongols?

• Moscow began collecting additional tribute they set aside to create an army 

• began building anti-mongol coalition 

• rose against golden horde and won 

Mongolian impacts on Russia

• Devastation and death from constant attacks

• invasions prompted Russian princes to improve military organization and accept the value for more centralized leadership

Hulegu

• Grandson of Genghis Khan 

• Took charge of the southwest region 

• Led Mongols into Abbasid territories 

• Army destroyed city of baghdad and killed caliph along with 200,000 residents of the city 

il-khanate 

• Located in central Asia 

• stretched from Byzantium to oxus river 

• Persians served as ministers, provincial, and local officials 

• Arrangement resulted in maximum tax collection 

How did islam impact Hulgeu and other mongols il-khanate

• Before had tolerated all religions 

• Supported massacres of Jews and Christians afterwards 

Kublai Khan

• Grandson of Genghis Khan 

How did Kublai Khan rule China

• Religious tolerance

• Adhered closer to Chinese tradition 

• policies also tolerant towards muslims, Jews, and christians 

• protection of Mongolian armies 

• brought prosperity from cultural exchanges 

• improved trade with other countries 

Mongol women

• led independent lives

• tended flocks of sheep and goats

• raised children

• provided meals from family

• could remarry after husband dies 

• rode horses 

• wore leather trousers 

• could initiate divorces 

Re-curved bow 

• Could reach 700 yards

• was used for warfare

• both men and women used it 

Yam system

• Pony express system

• oral messages instead of written ones 

• sent by horseback 

Marco polo

• Stories fueled interest in finding easier routes to Asia 

Where was the il-khanate located

• The middle east

Where was the golden horde located

• Russia