BIOL 315 Cell Biology Quiz 1

Plasma membrane

Lipid bilayer that surrounds every cell

nucleus

stores genetic material

extracellular matrix

provides physical support outside of the plasma membrane

ribosomes

Small particles consisting of RNA and associated proteins. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

rough ER

Studded with ribosomes. Important for the synthesis of polypeptides that accumulate within the plasma membrane

cytoskeleton

Serves as a framework for positioning and moving organelles and macromolecules within the cell

mitochondria

Generate most of the chemical energy (ATP) needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

lysosome

Organelle containing digestive enzymes that break down proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

golgi apparatus

Transports, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

chromatin

A complex of DNA and protein that packages long DNA molecules into more compact structures

nucleolus

Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome biogenesis

cytological

strand of cell biology that deals with cellular structure and the visual observation of cell components. It relies heavily on microscopy—including optical, fluorescence, scanning electron (SEM), and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy—to resolve the small dimensions of cells and organelles

biochemical

strand of cell biology that deals with the structure, function, and chemical reactions of biological macromolecules within the cell. Key techniques include centrifugation, chromatography, and gel electrophoresis

genetic

strand of cell biology that deals with heredity, gene expression, and the flow of genetic information within the cell. Key techniques include DNA sequencing, bioinformatics, and nucleic acid hybridization

nucleic acid hybridization

takes advantage of complementary base pairing to allow single-stranded DNA or RNA probes to bind to target nucleic acid sequences, enabling the identification and localization of specific genes or transcripts

bioinformatics

applies computational tools to analyze and interpret large genetic datasets

chromatography

a family of techniques used to separate complex mixtures of molecules in solution based on properties such as size, charge, or chemical affinity

TEM

biological specimens are chemically fixed, embedded in resin, and cut into ultrathin sections of about 70 nm. It provides magnification up to 100,000× and a resolution limit roughly 100 times superior to light microscopes, enabling detailed visualization of internal cellular ultrastructure and individual organelle anatomy

SEM

technique where whole cells or tissues are coated with a thin layer of metal. Rather than passing through thin slices, the electron beam scans across the sample's surface to highlight exterior details, producing images with a distinct sense of three-dimensional depth. Colors are false but aid in visualizing surface structure

raman microscopy

label-free imaging technique that uses laser light and inelastic scattering to detect molecular vibrations, providing chemical fingerprints of cellular components with high spatial resolution

Which of the following is closest to a micrometer in size?

prokaryotic cell

which of the following is smallest?

protein

DNA can only be viewed by electron microscopy

true

immunofluorescence microscopy

a technique that uses antibodies to detect and visualize specific proteins or molecules (antigens) within cells or tissues, often used in antibody staining or immunohistochemistry

transcriptome

The total collection of RNA molecules produced or expressed within a cell. While all cells share the same DNA, their ______ varies depending on gene expression—specifically, which genes are turned "on" or "off." Studied using RNA sequencing

proteome

The total collection of protein molecules present or expressed within a cell; It differs across different cell types and physiological conditions. Primarily studied using mass spectrometry

disulfide bond

covalent bond that forms between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acid residues

hydrophobic interaction

amino acids with hydrophobic side chains tend to cluster within the interior of a folded protein. Overall protein folding represents a balance between hydrophilic R groups interacting with water and hydrophobic R groups avoiding water

peptide bond

a covalent bond between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the amino nitrogen of a second amino acid

tertiary

Disulfide bonds are often found to stabilize which of the following levels of protein structure?

starch, glycogen

alpha-glycosidic bonds are found in _______

cellulose, chitin

beta-glycosidic bonds are found in _______

starch

energy storage polysaccharide in plant cells

glycogen

energy storage polysaccharide in animal cells and bacteria

cellulose

structural polysaccharide in plant cells

chitin

structural polysaccharide in insects and crustaceans

component of other lipids like triglyceride

function of fatty acids

membrane structure

function of phospholipids

energy storage

function of triglyceride

biological activity

function of steroid

pigment

function of terpene

outer membrane structure

function of glycolipid

fatty acid

long unbranched hydrocarbon chain with carboxyl group at one end

phospholipid

hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail

triglyceride

three fatty acids linked with glycerol

steroid

four-ringed hydrocarbon skeleton

terpene

synthesized from isoprene

glycolipid

carbohydrate head and hydrophobic fatty acid tail

10-100um

size range of most plant and animal cells

cytosol

semifluid substance in which organelles are suspended

secondary

hydrogen bonds NOT between R groups are involved in which level of protein structure?

tertiary, quaternary

hydrophobic, ionic and disulfide bonds are involved in which level of protein structure?

1000

1 μm = how many nanometers? (nm)

which is smaller, nanometers or μm?

nanometers