Acids and Bases

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Last updated 5:51 PM on 4/2/25
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23 Terms

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Acids

H+ donors.

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Bases

H+ acceptors

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Alkalis

Soluble bases

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Conjugate acid-base pairs

Acids and bases that are related by the gain or loss of a proton.

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Strong acids

Acids that fully dissociate in solution.

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Weak acids

Acids that partially dissociate in solution.

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pH equation

pH = -log[H+]

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pH

Negative logarithmic scale so that the lowest pH corresponds to the highest [H+].

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How can the pH equation be rearranged to find [H+]

[H+] = 10-pH

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Equation for the dissociation of water

H2O ⇋ H+ + OH-

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What is the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of water referred to as

Equilibrium constant of water (Kw)

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Why does the equation for Kw not include [H2O]

[H2O] is constant

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Kw expression

Kw = [H+][OH-]

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Calculating pH of a strong acid

  • Strong acids dissociate fully so for monoprotic acids [HA] = [H+], for diprotic acids 2[HA] = [H+]…

  • The concentration can be directly inserted into the pH equation to find pH.

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Calculating pH of strong bases

  • Strong bases full dissociate, so for monobasic bases [base] = [OH-], for dibasic bases 2[base] = [OH-]…

  • Rearrange Kw expression: [H+] = Kw / [OH-]

  • Once the [H+] has been calculated it can be inserted into the pH equation to find pH.

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Equation for the dissociation of a strong acid

HA → H+ + A-

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Equation for the dissociation of a weak acid

HA ⇋ H+ + A-

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What is the equilibrium for the dissociation of a weak acid called

Acid dissociation constant (Ka)

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Ka expression

Ka = [H+][A-] / [HA]

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How to calculate pKa from Ka and vice versa

  • pKa = -logKa

  • Ka = 10-pKa

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What 2 assumptions are made when calculating the pH of a weak acid

  1. At equilibrium, the concentration of HA is effectively unchanged as so little dissociates, so [HA]initial = [HA]equilibrium

  2. [H+] = [A-]

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How to calculate the pH of a weak acid

  • Since [H+] = [A-]

  • Ka formula can be rearranged so: [H+] = square root of (Ka x [HA])

  • Then pH can be calculated by inserting the [H+] into the pH equation

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How to calculate the pH of a solution after mixing acids and bases

  • Identify which reactant is in excess

    • If acid, is it strong or weak

      • For strong acid, use concentration of excess H+

      • For weak acid, use Ka formula however [H+] ≠ [A-] in this case as HA will react with OH- to form some A-

    • If base use Kw formula to find [H+]