RPT 214 Exam #1 (RPT 214) T

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What is the first phase of drug testing?

animal testing

what is the second phase of drug testing?

healthy volunteers

what is the third phase of drug testing?

individuals with the disease for which the drug was created

what is the fourth phase of drug testing?

post-marketing research

the chemical name

describes the drug's structure

the generic name

is assigned by the USAN Council; it is nonproprietary and is not owned by any drug company.

the brand or trade name

is given by the manufacturer and it the name the drug is marketed under

Which route of administration is best when immediate response is needed?

IV route

What four processes make up pharmacokinetics?

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination

agonist

is a chemical that binds to a receptor site and causes a specific response.

antagonist

is a chemical that binds to a receptor site and does not cause any significant response.

Define half-life

Half-life is the amount of time it takes for the concentration of drug to decrease by one-half (usually measured in the serum).

Parasympathetic Effect

Decreases rate and contractile force (heart)

Bronchoconstriction (lungs)

Pupil constriction (eyes)

Relaxes (hair muscles)

increases digestion (GI Tract)

Constricts bladder (urinary system)

Sympathetic Effect

Increases rate and contractile force (heart)

Bronchodilation (lungs)

Pupil dilation (eyes)

Contracts (hairs stand up)

Decreases digestion (GI Tract)

Relaxes bladder (urinary system)

Name the neurotransmitters of the parasympathetic at the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers

Preganglionic nerve fibers (Acetylcholine (Ach))

Postganglionic nerve fibers (Acetylcholine (Ach))

Name the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic systems at the preganglionic and postganglionic nerve fibers.

Preganglionic nerve fibers (Acetylcholine (Ach))

Postganglionic nerve fibers (Norepinephrine (NE))

Alpha 1

Contracts smooth muscle

Dilates pupils (mydriasis)

"goose bumps"

Beta1

increases rate and force of the heart

Beta2

Relaxes the lungs (bronchodilation)

Contracts voluntary and skeletal muscles (tremors)

List categories of drugs that mimic or stimulate the parasympathetic system.

parasympathomimetics, cholinergics, muscarinics,

List categories of drugs that block the parasympathetic system

anti-cholinergics, parasympatholytics, anti-muscarinics

List categories of drugs that mimic or stimulate the sympathetic system

sympathomimetics, adrenergics

List categories of drugs that block the sympathetic system

anti-adrenergics, sympatholytics

List advantages of medicated aerosols

Smaller required doses

Quick drug response

Fewer, less severe side effects

Painless and convenient

list disadvantages of medicated aerosols.

Difficult to deliver consistent, precise dose

Requires patient compliance and education

Equipment maintenance

Particles > 10 microns in size

deposit in the mouth and nose.

Particles of 5 - 10 microns in size

deposit in the large bronchi and upper airways.

Particles of 1 - 5 microns in size

deposit in the lower airways and lung periphery.

The small volume nebulizer (SVN)

is an aerosol generator that converts liquid drug solutions or suspensions into aerosol and is powered by compressed air, oxygen, a compressor, or an electrically powered device.

The breath-actuated nebulizer (BAN)

is a type of SVN that produces aerosol only during inspiration in order to reduce wasted medication common in the traditional SVN. The dose can be 3 times greater that with a conventional SVN.

An ultrasonic nebulizer (USN)

uses sound waves to produce an aerosol.

A vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN)

uses electricity to push fluid through a mesh (or "plate of apertures") to create aerosol particles.

List the three mechanisms of bronchoconstriction.

Bronchospasm, airway edema, and secretions

Describe the bronchodilation mechanism of action for sympathomimetics

are Beta2 agonists. They activate G proteins, G proteins free activity by adenyl cyclase, adenyl cyclase required to convert ATP to cAMP, Increasing the level of cAMP stops the enzyme acting on myosin and actin which results in muscle relaxation.

Describe the bronchodilation mechanism of action for Anticholinergics

block acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptor site so that no cGMP is produced, preventing bronchoconstriction.

Describe the bronchodilation mechanism of action for Methylxanthines

also called phosphodiesterase inhibitors. They stop phosphodiesterase from breaking down cAMP. By maintaining adequate levels of cAMP, bronchoconstriction is prevented.

List side effects of Beta Agonists

Tachycardia, arrhythmias/palpitations, increased pulse rate and blood pressure, hyperglycemia, hypokalemia, tremor, nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, headache, nausea.

List SABAS

include albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin) and levalbuterol (Xopenex).

List LABAS

include salmeterol (Serevent), formoterol (Foradil, Perforomist), indacaterol (Arcapta Neohaler), arformoterol (Brovana), and olodaterol (Striverdi Respimat).

List SAMAS

include ipratropium bromide (Atrovent), ipratropium bromide and albuterol (Combivent, DuoNeb)

List LAMAS

include tiotropium bromide (Spiriva), aclidinium (Tordorza Pressair), glycopyrrolate (Seebri Neohaler) and umeclidinium (Incruse Ellipta)

List four bland aerosols

water, normal saline (isotonic saline), hypertonic saline, hypotonic saline

Describe how acetylcysteine treat thick secretions.

breaks the disulfide bonds that hold mucus together. It can be used to treat thick secretions in any patient but should be given with a bronchodilator because it can cause bronchospasm.

Describe how dornase alfa treat thick secretions.

breaks down the mucus DNA strands in the cystic fibrosis patient. It is useful only for CF patients.

Describe indication for surfactant.

Prevent or treat RDS associated with prematurity and low birth weight.

What percent is isotonic saline?

0.9%

what percent hypertonic saline?

>0.9%

what percent hypotonic saline?

What is the generic name for Proventil?

Albuterol/ProAir

What is the trade name for levalbuterol?

Xopenex