Orthopedics

roles of the bones

structural support, protection of organs, muscle movement, storage of calcium, regulation of calcium levels

organic and mineral

the two phases of a bone

organic phase

makes up 30-40% of the bone, it is made up of collagen and ottoclasts

mineral phase

makes up 60-70% of the bone

epiphysis, diaphysis, and metaphysis

the three parts of a long bone

epiphysis

the ends of the bone. It is wider than the rest of the bone

diaphysis

long part of the bone. It is also called the shaft

metaphysis

the area of the bone where the diaphysis begins to widen at its ends

articular cartilage

surrounds the ends of the epiphysis. It turns into osteocytes when the bone wants to grow and a new cartilage layer will be grown on top of it. It is also called the epiphyseal growth plate

compact and spongy bone

the two layers of a bonr

compact bone

layer that is usually on the ends of bones

spongy bone

the softer middle area of a bone where the bone marrow is located

periosteum

layer that surrounds the bone and allows blood vessels and nerves to pass through. It also allows the bone to heal

changes to bones in old age

decreased bone density, increased bone prominence, kyphosis, widened gait, cartilage degeneration, decreased range of motion, muscle atrophy, slowed movement

206

how many bone are there in an adult body

270

how many bones is a baby born with

brute force test

tests each muscle group seperately on a scale of 0-5 where 5 is normal. The doctor tries to act against a muscle and sees what the reaction is

0

the score on a brute force test that means no muscle activity

1

the score on a brute force test that means there is mild contraction of the muscle but the patient can’t move the limb

2

the score on a brute force test that means there is joint movement when there is no gravity

3

the score on a brute force test that means there is joint movement when there is no opposition to the movement

4

the score on a brute force test that means there is full joint movement but there is weakness when there is opposition

5

the score on a brute force test that means there is full joint movement and no weakness even when there is opposition to the movement

flexion

bending of a joint

extension

straightening of a joint away from the body

abduction

movement of the joint away from the body

adduction

movement of a jiont towards the body

dorsiflexion

pointing toes up

plantar flexion

pointing toes down

circumduction

large circular movements of joints