Causes, symptoms, and treatments electrolytes

Hypernatremia causes

Excessive salt intake

Hypernatremia symptoms

Lethargy, irritability, seizures, and weakness.

Hypernatremia Treatments

Rehydrate w/ D5w and increase water intake

Hyponatremia causes

Excessive water intake and diuretics

Hyponatremia symptoms

Headache, confusion, coma

Hyponatremia treatments

3% NS and fluid restriction

Hyperkalemia causes

Kidney dysfunction, excessive potassium intake, and ACE inhibitors

Hyperkalemia symptoms

Cardiac arrhythmia, cramping, diarrhea, and irritability

Hyperkalemia treatments

Limit potassium in diet, loop diuretic, insulin, dialysis, and kayexalate

Hypokalemia causes

Loop and thiazide diuretics and IV administration of insulin

Hypokalemia symptoms

Weakness, arrhythmias, lethargy, and thready pulse (WALT)

Hypokalemia treatments

PO/IV potassium and increased K+ in diet

Hypercalcemia causes

Overactive parathyroid glands and cancer

Hypercalcemia symptoms

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and thirst

Hypercalcemia treatments

Decrease calcium in diet, increase mobility, and administer phosphorous

Hypocalcemia causes

Diuretic use and removal of parathyroid glands

Hypocalcemia sypmptoms

numbness, tingling, Chvotek’s sign, and tetany

Hypocalcemia treatments

Increase Ca++ in diet and IV/PO calcium

Hypermagnesemia causes

Kidney disease and excessive magnesium intake (I.e., laxatives and antacids)

Hypermagnesemia symptoms

Muscle weakness, bradycardia, asystole, tremors, and slow reflexes

Hypermagnesemia treatments

Dialysis, increased fluid intake, and stopping medications containing Mg+

Hypomagnesemia causes

Diuretics, undernutrition, and long-term alcohol use disorder

Hypomagnesemia symptoms

Nausea, vomiting, lethargy, weakness, tetany, leg cramps, tremors, and arrhythmias

Hypomagnesemia treatments

Increase Mg+ in diet and PO/IV magnesium