BIO chapter 1 and 2

What is the difference between a Eukaryotic cell and a Prokaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells- Found in bacteria and archaea, their DNA is not enclosed in a nucleus, they have no membrane bound organelles and are much smaller. Eukaryotic cells- Found in Humans, animals, plants, fungi, and protists, its DNA is in a nucleus, it had membrane bound organelles and is much larger.

which type of cell was the first cell on the planet

prokaryote

When did the formation of earth occur

4.6 billion years ago

when did the creation of the first prokaryotic cells occur

3.8 billion years ago

when did the creation of the first eukaryotic cells occur?

1.7 billion years ago

when did the first humans appear on the planet?

6-7 million years ago

when did genus homo evolve on the planet?

2 million years ago

when did modern humans first appear on the planet?

200,000 years ago

What are the seven signs of life?

metabolism, composed of cells, homeostasis, responds to stimuli, growth and reproduction, contains DNA and RNA, and evolution

what is homeostasis?

the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite continuous changes

Name the hierarchy of living things in order

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

what is binominal nomenclature?

the two-word naming system that uses the name and species in Latin to identify every species on Earth

Why is binomial nomenclature important to science?

Binomial nomenclature provides a universal name for every known species, transcending language barriers and regional differences

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Characters of the bacteria domain?

single cells and no nucleus

characters of the archaea domain?

primitive single cells, no nucleus, and live in extreme conditions

What are the four kingdoms in the domain Eukarya?

Animalia, protisa, fungi, plantae

characteristics of the kingdom animalia?

multicellular, heterotrophs, no cell wall

what are 5 characteristics that help to separate humans from other living organisms?

Bipedalism (having two feet), opposable thumbs, large brain, complex languages, and culture, morality, and emotions

what is an independent variable?

the factor that the researcher changes, controls, or uses to group participants to test its effects on another variable.

what is a dependent variable?

the outcome that is measured to see if it changes in response to the independent variable

what are standardized variables?

factors that are kept constant to ensure changes in the dependent variable are caused only by the independent variable

what is a control group?

the set of subjects that does not receive the treatment

what is an experimental group?

the set of subjects that receive treatment

what is sample size?

the number of organisms, observations, or datapoints included in a study

Is it necessary to have a large sample size in studies with humans?

yes, to better represent the whole population

Why can we not prove hypotheses?

no amount of testing can guarantee they hold in every possible situation

what are some limits of science?

we cannot prove anything we can only support hypothesis, causation is not correlation, some data is hard to obtain, limited testing on humans

what is natural selection?

a large scale process by which organisms that have more adaptive traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

what are the requirements for natural selection?

Variation, inheritance, different survival and fitness

what is fitness?

an organism’s ability to reproduce

what are adaptations?

traits of individuals that make them more likely to survive in a particular environment

what is the definition of selective pressures?

environmental factors that allow individuals with particular traits to survive and reproduce more in a population

what are some examples or selective pressures?

predators, lack of food or drought, competition, temperature extremes

what is genetic variation?

variation in individuals in a population that can be passed on to offspring

How would you describe the first cells on our planet? They:

internally were structurally simple

which of the following is false about carbohydrates?

starch is a polysaccharide stored in human cells

what do RNA and DNA have in common?

made of nucleotides

What pH is neutral?

7

What ions are in equal amounts at this pH?

H+ and OH+

Which pH are acidic?

0-7 pH

which pH are basic?

7-14 pH

What ions increase for an acidic base?

H+ ions

what ions increase for a basic base?

OH+ ions

what does pH mean?

a figure expressing how basic or acidic a solution is

What are the four macromolecules?

Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Nucleic acids

What is the function of carbs?

Being the body’s main source of fuel

what are the main functions of lipids?

To store energy, form cell membranes, act as signaling molecules, and provide protection

what are the main functions of proteins?

they provide structural support, transport molecules, signaling molecules, and defending the body against pathogens

what are the main functions of nucleic acids?

they carry information in cells and make up genetic material.

what are the subunits of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

what are the subunits of proteins?

amino acids

what are the subunits of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

what are the subunits for lipids?

fatty acid tails and glycerol

what are the three classes of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

which class of carbohydrates is this?

disaccharides

which class of carbohydrates is this?

monosaccharide

which class of carbohydrates is this?

polysaccharides

what is the storage form of carbohydrates in plants?

starch

what is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans?

glycogen

what are the two classes of lipids?

Fats and phospholipids

Which class of lipids is this?

fat

which class of lipids is this?

phospholipid

where are phospholipids found?

cell membranes

examples of saturated fats?

animals’ products (meat and dairy)

examples of unsaturated fats?

olive oil, peanuts, avocados, fish, etc.wh

which fat is liquid at room temperature?

unsaturated fats

which fat is solid at room temperature?

saturated fats

how can you tell saturated and unsaturated fats apart?

their tails

what are trans fats?

unsaturated fatty acids that contain a double bond in the trans conformation.

how are trans fats made?

they are made by adding hydrogen into liquid fats

Which fat is the least healthy for you?

trans fats

what are the structures of a protein?

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Do proteins have all levels of structure?

No, only few proteins have a quaternary structure

Which structure of protein is this?

secondary

Which structure of protein is this?

quaternary

Which structure of protein is this?

primary

Which structure of protein is this?

tertiary

what is denaturation?

the unfolding of a protein

which levels of proteins are most affected by denaturation?

secondary and tertiary

how many amino acids are proteins made of

20

what does it mean to be an essential nutrient?

An essential nutrient is a substance your body needs to function but cannot produce on its own in sufficient amounts, so it must be obtained from food or drink

what are the four bases found in DNA?

C,G,A,T

which bases pair in DNA?

C and G, A and T.

what is the difference between RNA bases and DNA bases?

DNA has thymine while RNA has uracil

How are RNA and DNA strands different?

DNA has 2 strands while RNA has 1

what is a gene?

unit of hereditary information that encodes all genetic information.

Is a gene apart of DNA or RNA

DNA

What can genes make that is a functional unit?

proteins

what is transcription?

the process of copying the genetic information stored in DNA to make an RNA copy

what is translation

Translation is the process by which cells read the instructions in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule and build a protein from amino acids

where is RNA made in the cell?

Nucleus

Where are proteins made in the cell?

cytoplasm

what is the difference between simple and complex carbs?

simple carbs are made of 1 to few carbon rings while complex carbs are made of a long chain of carbon rings. simple carbs are a quick energy source while complex carbs give you a greater supply of energy.

are simple or complex carbohydrates better for you?

complex

is this a simple sugar or complex sugar?

complex sugar

is this a simple sugar or complex sugar?

simple sugar

Why are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated lipids better for you?

both have heart-healthy benefits, like lower inflammation and improved cholesterol

why are saturated and trans fats so bad?

they raise “bad” LDL cholesterol, promote inflammation, and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

What are some examples of good proteins to eat?

beans, nuts, tofu, fish, chicken