Anatomy and Physiology Overview

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from the Anatomy and Physiology lecture notes, focusing on the fundamental principles and organization of the human body.

Anatomy

The study of body structures such as muscles, bones, and organs and their relationships.

Physiology

The science of how body parts function individually and with each other.

Complementarity of Structure and Function

The principle that structure always determines function, and function always reflects structure.

Chemical Level

The simplest level of structural organization, where atoms combine to form molecules.

Cellular Level

The level at which molecules form organelles and then cells, varying in size and shape based on function.

Tissue Level

Groups of similar cells that perform a common function; includes four basic types: connective, muscle, epithelium, and nervous tissue.

Organ Level

A structure formed by two or more tissue types, such as the stomach.

Organ System Level

A level where organs cooperate to perform common goals, exemplified by the urinary system.

Organismal Level

The highest level of organization, representing a living human being as a sum of all levels working together.

Homeostasis

A dynamic state of equilibrium in the body that maintains a relatively stable internal environment.

Negative Feedback Mechanism

A control mechanism that responds in the direction opposite to the original stimulus to cause change.

Positive Feedback Mechanism

A control mechanism that responds in the same direction as the original stimulus, enhancing or exaggerating the original response.

Anatomical Position

A universal point of reference where the body is erect, arms at sides, palms forward, feet together, head and toes pointing forward.

Directional Terms

Terms that describe the locations of body structures in relation to one another, such as superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior.

Body Cavities

Spaces within the body that contain and protect organs, such as the cranial cavity and spinal cavity.