world history quiz

Charles V

* Reigned 1519- 1556
* Seemed that he may establish the Holy Roman Empire 
* Innheartied Habsburg austrian domains 
* By 1519 his empire stretched from vienna to cuzco 
* Abdicated throne in 1556 and retired to Spanish monastery. Empire split 
*  King Phillip II got one half and Ferdinand(imperial throne)

Obstacles

he had to deal with both domestic and forgien obstacles

Domestic

* Lutheran movement 
* Imperial princes who tried to assert their independence
* Each land in the empire had its own customs laws 
* No administrative structure to govern
* Maintained a strong army but mostly used it to put down rebellions
* Rather then extend his authority  

France

* Charles empire struck fear in french kings 
* Suspected that he wanted to absorb their realm 
* Created obstacles 
* Aided german lutherans (even though they were devoted catholics) and urged them to rebel 
* Kings allied with muslim ottoman turks against emperor 

Ottoman empire

* Sultans feared a powerful christian empire threatening their position in the Mediterranean basis 
* Conquered hungary in 1526 
* 16th century imposed rule beyond egypt and embraced all of north africa

TREATY of WESTPHALIA

laid foundatoins for a system of independant compettive sates

terms

* recognized one another as SOVEREIGN and Equal
* recognized rights to domestic in religion affairs 
* No supreme authority, entrusted political and diplomatic affairs to European states who acted in their own intrests can do what they want

effects

* no religious unity, states are sovereign


* monarchs OPPOSED the treaty


* started conflicts to restoauthority
* disrupted local economies
* drainind resourcesces

DID NOT bring an end to war

major wars

the two im bout to metion

LOUIS XIV (1668 -1713)

Louis wanted to expand borders into Germany, taking spain & Netherlands, causing England, United Provinces, and Austria to form a coalition against the king

7 years war

France, Austria and  Russia  VS Britain and

Prussia

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merged conflicts between France and Britain in North America and India

became a global war for imperail supremicies (fighting for power

Absolutism in Russia

Ivan III

\-freed Russia from Mongols

* ANNEXED NEIGHBORING TERRITORY including trade city of Novgorod
* built strong centralized government modeled off byzantin

Peter I

* Wanted Russia to be a big power 
* Modeled state after Western Europe 
* Offered better military pay, drafted peasants who served life 
* Better military training equipment 
* Made aristocrats study geometry so they could aim cannons better 
* Built a Navy 
* Made his subjects dress like westerners 
* Administrative efficiency and tax collection

Catherine II

* Divided russia into 50 provinces 
* Economic development
* Tried to improve peasant conditions 
* Gave up on social reform when her rule was challenged 
* More focused on keeping the throne than on the state of Russia

Comparison

* All wanted improve Russia, bug all in different ways
* IVn wanted to consolidate
* Peter wanted military might 
* Catherine wanted social reform

Absolute monarchs

* Monarch has absolute power, based on the idea of the divine right of kings and served as “God's lieutenants upon Earth”
* People who didn’t oblige were punished 
* Rebellion was considered blasphemy
* However there was no rule in divine-right theory for common subjects or even nobles in public affairs: the king made law and determined policy

Foundations of absolute monarchy

* Cardinal richelin worked to increase the power of monarchs by 
* Undermining the power of nobles
* Dismantled aristocrat threats
* Destroyed noble castles
* Created bureaucracy to counteract nobility power
* Cardinal richelin also attacked French calvinist by destroying their political and military power, since they often allied with the nobles  
* Due to the reduction of the powers of the noble, and Rtcheltev working to stop aristocratic conspiracies, and destroying political enemies, and the employment of bureaucrats loyal to the king 

Constitutional governments

representative government that limits monarch power and allows for representation of the people in government(like ours)

England

* Began civil war (1642-1649)
* English king tried to implement taxes without parliament approval 
* calvinists/puritans opposed Roman Catholic characteristics of the Church that the king supported 
* 1641 king charles I was executed by parliament let to the glorious revolution
* Ensured king would cooperate with parliament

Netherlands

* Roman Catholic king Phillip II tried to suppress calvinist movement, led to rebellion against spanish rule
* Those people organized themselves into independent united provinces 
* Spain recognize independence after thirty year war

Similarities

* Leaders appealed to political and religious interest, which increased power 
* Merchants became more politically powerful and state policies favored trade 
* Alliance formed between merchants and rulers 
* Merchants supported state wealth from trade 
* Rulers followed policies that looked after merchants

The absolute regime of louis xiv

* Best epitomized royal absolutism (1643-1715)
* Known as the sun king 
* In 16070s louis xiv built the royal hunting lodge 
* 230 acres of land

In the 1600s he moved his court there 

* Nobles followed to gain the favor of louis xiv 
* Encouraged nobles to live at the court so he and his staff could keep watch


* He bribed nobles with luxury and entertainment and in return he got absolute power 


* Waged wars to enlarge french boundaries 

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* Promoted economic development

The new monarches charecteristics

higher taxes and fees

increased state power

religious justfication to advandce state ends

france

louis XI

Francis I

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direct taxes on sales, households, salt trade, increase state income

standing army to help law enforcement

England

Henry VIII

raised fines and fees

cut ties with Roman catholic church and began expanding the portestant church and used its wealth to expand power

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took on certain responsibiliities of the church including care for the poor and orphans

Spain

Fernando and isabel

had a sales tax increasing state revunue

had a standing army

inquesiton helped expand the catholic church and give more power to inquisotors

The Consolidation of Sovereign States

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__**The Balance of power**__

* No ruler wanted to see another state dominate all the others
* When a state began waxing strong, other formed coalitions against it
* This diplomacy was risky because it was always possible that a coalition might repress one stong state only to open the door for another 
* Statement presented the building of empires, and ensured that europe would be a land of independent sovereign competing states

__**Military Development**__

* Frequent wars and balance of power diplomacy drained the resources of individual states BUT strengthened european society as a whole
* European states competed vigorously and sought to develop the most expert military leadership and the most effective weapons for their arsenals 
* States organized military academics where officers received advanced education in strategy and tactics and learned how to maintain disciplined forces
* Demand for powerful weapons stimulated the development of a sophisticated armaments industry that turned out ever more lethal products 
* Gun foundries manufactured canons of increasing size, range, power, and accuracy
* Small arms allowed infantry to unleash volleys against their enemies 
* In China, India, and Islamic lands, imperial states had little to no incentive to encourage similar technological innovation in the industry or armaments 


* These states possessed the force and weapons they needed to maintain order within their boundaries, and rarely encountered foreign threats


* In Europe, failure to keep up with latest improvements in arms technology could lead to defeat on the battlefields and decline in state power 
* Thus, Europeans continually sought to improve their military arsenals, and as a result, outperformed all others by the 18th in terms of their armaments