Joint mobilization

Concave

Cave bent like a C; associated with moving parts in a joint.

Convex

Bulges out; associated with stable parts in a joint.

Accessory movements

Joint movements such as roll, spin, and slide that cannot be performed by an individual by themselves, accompanying physiological motion.

Kaltenborn's Grade 1 Mobilization

Small-amplitude distraction applied without stress on the capsule, balancing forces acting on the joint.

Kaltenborn's Grade 2 Mobilization

Tightening of the joint to take up slack, assessing sensitivity and pain inhibition.

Kaltenborn's Grade 3 Mobilization

Distraction used to stretch joint structures to improve mobility and motion.

Maitland's Grade 1 Mobilization

Small amplitude rhythmic oscillating movement at early range for pain management.

Maitland's Grade 3 Mobilization

Large amplitude oscillation to the point of limitation in range of movement.

Maitland's Grade 5 Mobilization

Small amplitude quick thrust at the end of available range; thrust manipulation.

Contraindications for Joint Mobilizations

Conditions such as malignancy, bone disease, unhealed fractures, and systemic diseases where mobilizations should not be performed.

Resting Position of a Joint

Position where joint capsule and ligaments are most relaxed, allowing for maximum joint mobility.

Loose-Packed Position of a Joint

Position where articulating surfaces are maximally separated, allowing for greatest amount of joint play.

Close-Packed Position of a Joint

Position where joint surfaces are in complete contact with each other.