Biochemical Important, and Reactions of Monosaccharide

D-Ribose (DNA,RNA,ATP Sugar)

• Found In

  • Nucleic acids (B-d-ribose and B-d-deoxyribose) and ATP

• Importance

  • Structural elements of nucleic acids and coenzymes, eg, ATP, NAD, NADP, flavoproteins

  • _______ phosphates are intermediates in pathway (PPP

Ribose Sugar

___________ are intermediates in pathway (PPP)

D-Ribulose

• Found In

  • Formed in metabolic processes

• Importance

  • _________ phosphate is an intermediate in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

D-Arabinose

• Found In

  • Gum arabic. Plum and cherry gums.

• Importance

  • Constituent of glycoproteins

D-Xylose (WOOD SUGAR)

• Found In

  • Wood gums, proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans

• Importance

  • Constituent of glycoproteins

D-Lyxose

• Found In

  • Heart cells/muscle.

• Importance

  • A constituent of a lyxoflavin isolated from human heart muscle.

L-Xylulose

• Found In

  • Intermediate in uronic acid pathway

• Importance

  • Found in urine in essential pentosuria.

D-Glucose (GRAPE SUGAR; DEXTROSE SUGAR)

• Found In

  • Fruit juices. Hydrolysis of starch, cane sugar, maltose, and lactose

• Importance

  • “Sugar” of the body since blood contains dissolved ________.

  • Primary source of cell’s energy

D-Fructose (Levulose, Fruit Sugar, Dietary Sugar)

• Found In

  • Present in Honey in equal amount w/ glucose.

• Importance

  • Can be changed to glucose in the liver and so used in the body

  • Sweetest tasting sugar.

  • Dietary sugar because less is needed for the same amount of sweetness

D-Galactose (brain sugar)

• Found In

  • Hydrolysis of lactose

  • .Synthesized in the mammary gland to make the lactose of milk

• Importance

  • Can be changed to glucose in the liver and metabolized

  • constituent of glycolipids and glycoproteins found in brain and nerve tissue

  • present in chemical markers that distinguish various types of blood—A, B, AB, and O

D-Mannose

• Found In

  • Hydrolysis of plant mannans and gums.

• Importance

  • constituent of many glycoproteins.

D-Glucose

Clinical Significance

• Present in the urine in diabetes mellitus owing to raised blood glucose.

D-Fructose

Clinical Significance

• Hereditary ________ Intolerance leads to _________ accumulation and hypoglycemia.

D-Galactose

Clinical Significance

• Failure to metabolize leads to galactosemia and cataract

D-Mannose

Clinical Significance

• Used for preventing urinary tract infections (UTIs) and treating carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome, an inherited metabolic disorder