6.4, 6.4a, 6.4b, 6.4c, and 6.4d - Augmented Limb Leads and Goldberger's Augmentation Leads

The augmented limb leads provide an additional three views of the heart from the ____________ view:

Coronal

Augmented leads increase the signal size by ____________ percent over the standard limb leads:

50 percent

The augmented limb leads are ____________ leads:

Unipolar

What does "aV" stand for in aVR, aVL, and aVF?

Augmented voltage

The third letters R, L, and F in aVR, aVL, and aVF represent the ____________ electrode positions:

Right arm, left arm, and left leg

What does the "F" in aVF stand for?

Foot

The augmented limb leads use the ____________ in the center of the triangle, and the current flows ____________ from the heart toward the limbs:

Heart; outward

In ____________, Emanuel Goldberger was the first person to introduce augmented leads:

1942

What is the focus of the theory behind using an augmented lead?

To use only one true positive sensor and explore the heart from one point, called a central point

The point used to explore the heart in augmented leads is called the ____________ point:

Central

In Einthoven’s triangle, the two other limb leads were considered ____________ poles:

Negative

Where are the augmented leads viewed from?

The coronal plane

The aVR lead is considered the most ____________ and ____________ lead among all the limb leads:

Underutilized, underanalyzed

What does the aVR lead primarily provide information about?

The blood outflow of the right ventricle

The aVR lead provides a ____________ view from the center of the heart toward the ____________ arm:

Coronal, right

The positive electrode in the aVR lead is placed on the ____________ arm:

Right

What is the negative pole in the aVR lead?

The average of the other electrodes where they come to a central point

In a normal heart, how does depolarization occur?

From right to left and from the top of the heart to the bottom

What type of waveform does the aVR lead usually show on the ECG graph paper?

A negative waveform

The aVL lead is oriented toward the ____________ ventricle’s ____________ lateral and lateral walls:

Left, high

The positive electrode in the aVL lead is placed on the ____________ arm:

Left

The coronal view from the aVL lead is from the ____________ of the heart through the ____________ wall, toward the left arm:

Center, lateral

What is the negative pole in the aVL lead?

The average of the other electrodes where they come to a central point

The aVF lead is oriented toward the ____________ ventricle’s ____________ wall:

Left, inferior

The positive electrode in the aVF lead is placed on the ____________ leg:

Left

The coronal view from the aVF lead is from the ____________ of the heart through the ____________ wall, toward the left leg:

Center, inferior

What is the negative pole in the aVF lead?

The average of the other electrodes where they come to a central point