Bio Exam 2

Contains chapters: 22, 23, and 24

How do procaryotes differ from eukaryotes?

Unicellularity, cell size, Nucleoid, cell division, genetic recombination, internal compartmentalization, flagella, and metabolic diversity.

How does unicellularity differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes only have the ability to be unicellular. Prokaryotes have the ability to group together by forming associations and biofilms.

How does cell size differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes are generally smaller than eukaryotes.

How does nucleoids differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

There is no nucleus in a prokaryote and its DNA is singular and circular.

How does cell division differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes divide via binary fission

How does genetic recomposition differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryote’s genes transfer horizontally not sexual reproduction.

How does internal compartmentalization differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes do not have organ-bound organelles

How do flagella differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes have simpler flagella

How does metabolic diversity differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes undergo oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis. They are also chemolithotroph

What are the two domains that branch out from prokaryotes?

Bacteria and archaea

Identify the first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere

Cyanobacteria

Photoautotrophs

organisms that use light energy and inorganic carbon to produce organic materials.

Chemoautotrophs

an organism that obtains energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environments.

Photoheterotrophs

organisms that use light for energy, but cannot use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source.

Chemoheterotrophs

An organism deriving energy by ingesting intermediates or building blocks that it is incapable of creating on its own.

cocci

Spherical

bacilli

Rod like

spirilli

Spiral

diplo-

Pairs

strepto-

Chain like

Staphylo-

Clusters (grape-like)

\n Identify characteristics of eukaryotic cells

• Cells with a nucleus

• Mitochondria

• Cytoskeleton of microtubules

• Flagella and cilia

• Chromosomes and histones

• Mitosis

• cell walls

Paramecium

Use cilia to propel itself

Amoeba

Uses lobe-like pseudopodia to anchor and pull itself forward

Euglena

Use of flagellum to propel itself

saprobes

Eats dead things

mixotrophs

use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon

What is a fungus more related to plants or animals?

Animals

Describe the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae

Algae has the ability o live inside fungi and act as a chloroplast

Describe the symbiotic relationship of Mycorrhizae with plant roots

Mycorrhizae help the plant get nitrogen and phosphorus.

What is in fungus cell walls that is not in plant cell walls?

Chitin

Fungi are not ---, and can not ----.

Plants/Photosynthesis

Zygomycetes example

Bread mold

Sac Fungi example

yeast

Club Fungi example

puff ball mushroom

Mycorrhizae

A fungi that helps plants get nitrogen and phosphorus

Rhizobium

the bacteria that live in symbiotic association with the root nodules of the leguminous plants.

Zooxanthellae

A bacteria that lives in coral gives it its color and act as chloroplast for the coral

Cyanobacteria

The oldest organism that is able to preform photosynthesis

Lichen

That funky stuff on trees, has a relationship with cyanobacteria