ANSC 333 Festival 1

Define hormone

Substance that is produced by 1 or more glands and is transported through the blood to impact specific organs

Define endocrinology

Study of hormones

What are the 7 types of cell signaling

Autocrine

Paracrine

Juxtacrine

Endocrine

Exocrine

Neurocrine

Neuroendocrine

Define autocrine signaling

Cells talking to itself

Cell releases ligand and binds to a receptor on the same cell

Define paracrine signaling

Cells talking to each other

Cell A releases ligands and binds to Cell B’s receptor

Define juxtacrine signaling

Cells shaking hands

Cell A’s ligand interacts with Cell B’s receptor

Define endocrine signaling

Cells texting each other

Cell A releases ligand into blood and Cell B’s receptors pick them up

Define exocrine signaling

Cells talking through ducts/ outside of the body

Cell A releases ligand into ducts

What is a key example of exocrine signaling

Dr. Martha McClintock using sweat and discovering pheromones

Define neurocrine signaling

Neural cell talking to non-neural cells

Similar to paracrine but with neural cells

Define neuroendocrine signaling

Neural cells sending signals through the blood

What is a key example of neuroendocrine signaling

GnRH

What are the 2 types of reflexes

Simple Neural reflex

Neuroendocrine reflex

How does simple neural reflex work

Stimulus → afferent neurons

Afferent neurons synapse with interneurons

Interneurons synapse with efferent neurons

Efferent neurons signal target tissue

What is an example of a simple neural reflex

Knee jerk

How do neuroendocrine reflexes work

Stimulus activates the neuroendocrine system via interneurons

What is an example of neuroendocrine reflex

Oxytocin release from a calf suckle

What are the 3 ways hormones are classified

Chemical

Receptor type

Source

What are the 6 chemical classes of hormones

Peptide

Protein

Glycoprotein

Steroid

Eicosanoid

Biogenic Amines

What are peptide hormones derived from and 2 examples

Short sequence of amino acids

Oxytocin and GnRH

What are protein hormones derived from and 2 examples

Large sequence of amino acids

FSH and Prolactin

What are glycohormones derived from and 2 examples

One common alpha chain protein and one unique beta chain protein

LH and FSH

What are steroids derived from and 4 examples

Cholesterol

Estradiol, Progesterone, Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone

What are eicosanoids derived from and 2 examples

Arachidonic acid

Prostaglandin E2 and F2a

What are biogenic amines derived from and 7 examples

Trytophan and Tyrosine

Serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, epinephrine, nonepinephrine, T4, T3

What are the steps to get estradiol in the body (4 steps)

Cholesterol → Pregnenalone → Testosterone → (by aromatase enzyme) → Estradiol

What are the steps to get to 5-dihydrotestosterone in the body (4 steps)

Cholesterol → Pregnenalone → Testosterone →(by 5-a-reductase enzyme) → 5-DHT

What are the indoleamines

Serotonin and Melatonin

What is the mechanism for indoleamines (what is the important enzyme in this mechanism)

Tryptophan → by tryptophan hydroxylase → Serotonin → Melatonin

What are the catecholamines

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

What is the mechanism for catecholamines (what is the important enzyme in this mechanism)

Tyrosine → by tyrosine hydroxylase → Dopamine → Norepinephrine → Epinephrine

What does the term estrogen encompass

It includes 3 endogenous hormones: estradiol, estrone, and estriol

What is the main phyloestrogen

Genestein

What endogenous hormones does progestren encompass

Progesterone and progestin (synthetic derivative)

What do androgens do

Control male development and maintenance

What are the 3 endogenous hormones encompassed in androgens

Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedionew

What are the 2 endogenous hormone subdivisions of corticosteroids

Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid

What hormone is under the mineralocorticoid subdivision

Aldosterone

What hormones are under the glucocorticoid subdivision

Cortisol, corticosterone, and cortisone

Define a receptor

Protein that binds with a ligand for biological activity

Define agonist

A molecule that binds to the receptor to elicit a response

Define antagonist

Molecule interacts with the receptor to block or inhibit the effects of the ligand