Unit 7

Australian Secret Ballot

Voting method ensuring privacy and anonymity to prevent patronage.

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Political controversy during Taft's presidency over conservation and public land use.

Bitter Cry of the Children

Muckraker book by John Spargo exposing harsh child labor conditions.

Bull Moose Party

Progressive Party formed after the 1912 election split the Republican Party.

Charles Evans Hughes

Republican known for progressive reforms, ran for president in 1916.

Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914

Legislation promoting fair competition and preventing monopolies, exempting labor unions.

Conservation

Progressive movement to preserve natural resources and land.

Cosmopolitan

Progressive magazine challenging gender norms and advocating for women's roles.

Desert Land Act

Legislation promoting settlement of public lands in the west at low prices.

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol production, transportation, and sale.

Election of 1912

Roosevelt's third-party run split the Republican vote, leading to Wilson's victory.

Elkins Act

Legislation addressing railroad abuse and prohibiting rebates.

Federal Reserve Act

Created the US central banking system for financial stability.

Federal Trade Commission 1914

Established to prevent unfair competition and protect consumers.

"Fighting" Bob LaFollette

Progressive reformer promoting government for social reform.

Follow the Color Line

Muckraker book by Ray Stannard Baker on racial discrimination.

Frances Willard

Women's suffrage leader and reformer, president of the WCTU.

Grangers

Members of the Grange advocating for agricultural education and support.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

Scenic area in Yosemite National Park promoting conservation.

Hepburn Act

Strengthened railroad regulation and addressed rate discrimination.

Jane Addams

Social reformer known for founding Hull House and advocating for urban poor.

Jeanette Rankin

First woman elected to the US Congress in 1916.

John Muir

Environmentalist and conservationist advocating for national parks.

Ida Tarbell / History of Standard Oil

Muckraker exposing Standard Oil's monopolistic practices.

Initiative

Political reform allowing voters to propose legislation.

Interstate Commerce Commission

Regulated railroad industry to promote fair competition.

Lochner vs

Supreme Court case addressing labor regulations and due process.

"Machine Made" Candidate / Political Machines

Candidates supported by political machines using patronage.

Mary Lease

Populist leader advocating for farmers' rights and economic reform.

Meat Inspection Act

Legislation improving safety and sanitation in the meatpacking industry.

McClure's Magazine

Muckraking publication influencing progressive reform movements.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing corruption and abuse in American society.

Muller vs

Supreme Court case supporting labor regulations and women's rights.

New Nationalism

Progressive philosophy by Roosevelt addressing industrialization and economic inequality.

Nineteenth Amendment

Granted women the right to vote (women's suffrage).

Northern Securities

Trust led by JP Morgan dismantled by Roosevelt for antitrust enforcement.

Pendleton Act

Established merit-based system for federal employment and reduced political patronage.

Populists

People's Party advocating for farmers and laborers in the South and Midwest.

Pure Food & Drug Act

Regulated food and drug manufacturing for consumer protection.

Recall

Political reform allowing voters to remove elected officials.

Referendum

Political reform allowing voters to approve or reject laws directly.

Samuel Gompers

Labor leader forming the American Federation of Labor.

Seventeenth Amendment

Abolished the indirect election of US Senators.

Sherman Antitrust Act 1890

First federal law curbing monopolistic practices and promoting competition.

Sixteenth Amendment

Established federal income tax on individuals and corporations.

Social Gospel

Movement applying Christian principles to social problems for social justice.

Square Deal

Roosevelt's policy platform focusing on conservation, corporate control, and consumer protection.

"Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick"

Roosevelt's foreign policy approach combining diplomacy and military power.

Suffrage

Voting rights granted to women through the Nineteenth Amendment.

Teddy Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trust-busting and worker protection.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

Tragic fire highlighting the need for labor protection and safety regulations.

Triple Wall of Privilege

Wilson's term for powerful interests in tariffs, trusts, and banking to regulate for equality.

Trust Busting

Government efforts to break up or regulate monopolistic corporations.

Underwood Tariff

Reduced tariffs and introduced federal income

Women’s Christian Temperance Union

A union advocating for temperance, women’s suffrage, and social reforms.

Yosemite National Park

A California park preserved with the help of John Muir and Ansel Adams.

Alfred T

Naval officer known for advocating naval power and imperialism.

Anti Imperialist League

Opposed imperialism post-Spanish-American War.

Boxer Rebellion

Violent uprising in China against foreign influence.

Buffalo Soldiers

African American soldiers serving in US military.

Commodore George Dewey

US naval officer known for victory in Manila Bay.

De Lome Letter

Criticized President McKinley, contributing to Spanish-American War.

Dollar Diplomacy

US policy using economic influence for foreign interests.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino revolutionary leader in the fight for independence.

Foraker Act

Established civilian government in Puerto Rico post-Spanish-American War.

Haiti

Subject to US military occupation from 1915 to 1934.

Insular Cases

Supreme Court decisions on US territories post-Spanish-American War.

Jingoism

Extreme nationalism advocating aggressive foreign policy.

Jones Act

Promoted US maritime industry and shipping regulations.

Open Door Policy

US initiative to protect commercial interests in China.

Panama Canal

Man-made waterway connecting Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Pancho Villa

Prominent Mexican revolutionary leader.

Platt Amendment

Outlined conditions for US troops withdrawal from Cuba.

Queen Liliuokalani

Last monarch of Hawaii before US imperialism.

Rough Riders

Volunteer cavalry regiment led by Teddy Roosevelt.

Roosevelt Corollary

Addition to the Monroe Doctrine for US intervention in Latin America.

Spanish-American War

Conflict leading to US acquisition of territories.

Teller Amendment

US resolution affirming Cuba’s independence.

USS Maine

US battleship explosion leading to Spanish-American War.

Victoriano Huerta

Mexican military officer and president marked by authoritarianism.

William McKinley

US president during territorial expansion and foreign policy.

William Gorgas

Combatting yellow fever and malaria during Panama Canal construction.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Prominent American statesman and Republican politician known for conservative political views and influence on American foreign policy, opposed President Wilson's foreign policy agenda post-WWI.

HMS Lusitania

British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine during WWI, leading to increased US public pressure to join the war effort.

Industrial Workers of the World / “Wobblies”

Radical labor union founded in 1905 advocating for "One Big Union," direct action, and socialism, targeted during WWI due to the Espionage Act and Sedition Act.

Influenza pandemic 1918

Breakout of influenza during WWI, causing 20-50 million deaths and disrupting economies and healthcare systems.

Kaiser Wilhelm

Last German Emperor who pursued naval expansion and unrestricted submarine warfare during WWI.

League of Nations

International organization founded after WWI to promote peace and security among nations, proposed by President Wilson in his fourteen Points.

National War Labor Board

Federal agency during WWI addressing labor disputes and ensuring stable labor relations in wartime industries.

Pittsburgh Steel Strike 1919

Labor strike in steel mills post-WWI for higher wages, shorter hours, and union recognition, showing challenges faced by steel workers.

Reparations

Compensations made by a country for wrongdoing, imposed on Germany post-WWI by the Treaty of Versailles.

Sedition Act

Legislation during WWI making it a crime to criticize the government, violating freedom of speech and press.

Schenck vs

Landmark Supreme Court case in 1919 limiting free speech during wartime with the "clear and present danger" test.

Schlieffen Plan

German military strategy during WWI aiming to defeat France quickly, ultimately failing.

Selective Service Act

Legislation during WWI authorizing the draft of male citizens and immigrants aged 21-30.

Self Determination

Rights of individuals or groups to determine their political status without external interference, related to the Treaty of Versailles.

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty ending WWI, imposing restrictions on Germany and creating the League of Nations.

Trench Warfare

Type of warfare characterized by fighting from trenches, common during WWI.

Unrestricted submarine warfare

German naval strategy during WWI involving U-boats sinking enemy ships without warning.

U-Boats

German submarines used during WWI to disrupt allied shipping and operations.