chem chapter 4

Alcohol

any class of hydrocarbons that are characterized by a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom

Aldehyde

Any class of organic compounds featuring the presence of a carbonyl group with the carbon atom bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Alkanes

a class of hydrocarbons featuring all single covalent bonds.

Alkenes

a class of hydrocarbons in which there is at least one carbon to carbon double bond.

Amine

a derivative of ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups (-NH 2 ).

amino acid

a compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group attached to the same carbon atom.

aromatic compound

a class of hydrocarbons featuring a benzene ring or other related structures.

benzene

a hydrocarbon consisting of a hexagonal ring of six carbons with alternating double bonds.

carbonyl

a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to a

carboxyl

a functional group consisting of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.

carboxylic acid

any class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of carboxyl group

condenced formula

a type of molecular formula that shows groups of atoms.

cycloalkanes

a class of hydrocarbons containing all single bonds with at least one ring structure connecting the carbons.

diene

a hydrocarbon containing two carbon to carbon double bonds.

double bond

a bond formed by the sharing of two pairs of electrons.

empirical formula

a molecular formula showing the simplest whole number

ratio of atoms in a molecule.

ether

a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of an oxygen atom singly bonded to two carbon atoms.

functional group

a structural fragment found in a compound that changes the

chemistry and name of the compound.

hydrocarbons

chemicals consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

ketone

a class or organic compounds characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms.

lone pair

pairs of valence electrons that do not contribute to bonding and are not shared.

nitro group

an often explosive functional group connected to an organic

molecule containing a nitrogen atom singly bonded to two oxygen atoms (-NO 2 ).

organic chemistry

the study of the structure, preparation and properties of

carbon compounds.

percent composition

the percentage of mass in a compound represented by each

of its constituent elements.

pyridine

a hexagonal cyclic organic structure related to benzene but with a nitrogen atom replacing one of the carbons.

resonance

the different possible structures of a molecule in which more than one Lewis structure can be written.

saturated compound

a compound containing only single bonds with the

maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible.

single bond

a bond formed by the sharing of one pair of electrons.

scructural formula

a type of molecular formula that shows how the atoms are

connected.

structural isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but a

different arrangement of atoms.

triple bond

a strong bond formed by the sharing of three pairs of electrons.

Unsaturated compound

a compound containing a double or triple bond and

therefore not having the maximum number of hydrogens.

xylene

a mixture of three different structures of dimethyl benzene.