AP US History summer review ch 5

Borderlands

Places where two or more nations or societies border each other, and where power is dispersed among competing actors, resulting in fluid social regulations, hybrid cultures, and the absence of firmly agreed sovereignty. During the colonial era in North America. borderlands were often places where European empires and Native American societies engaged with each other. This fluidity allowed for cultural exchange, trade, and sometimes conflict over land and resources.

Paxton Boys

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersman in protest against the Quaker establishments forgiving policies towards Native Americans.

Regulator Movement

Eventually violent uprising of back country settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.

New York slave revolt

Uprising of 24 enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of 9 whites and brutal execution of 21 participating blacks.

South Carolina slave revolt

Uprising also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more the 50 South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. They attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.

Triangular trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.

Molasses Act

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God’s grace.

Great Awakening

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notable Johnathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct emotional spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the 19th century.

Old lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

New lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist movements during the Great Awakening, emphasizing personal faith and emotional experiences over traditional orthodox practices.

Poor Richard’s Almanack

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs emphasizing thrift, industry, and common sense.

Zenger trial

New York trial against John Peter Zenger. Established the principal that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

Royal colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king. The governors often ran into trouble with colonial legislators which led to conflicts over authority.

Proprietary colonies

Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They were under the control of local proprietors who all appointed colonial governors.

Michel-Guillaune Jean

was a French architect, engineer, and cartographer who significantly contributed to the development of colonial New York's planning and structure.

Jacobus Arminius

The founder of Arminianism, a theological stance emphasizing free will and conditional election in contrast to Calvinist predestination. His views led to significant debates within Reformed theology.

Jonathan Edwards

A prominent preacher during the First Great Awakening, known for his fire-and-brimstone sermons and emphasis on personal conversion.

George Whitefield

A prominent preacher during the Great Awakening, known for his charismatic sermons and ability to attract large crowds. He emphasized personal piety and the importance of a heartfelt relationship with God.

John Trumbull

An American painter known for his historical scenes, particularly those related to the American Revolutionary War. His artworks include famous depictions of key events and figures from the period.

John Singleton Copley

An influential American painter known for his portraits of colonial American leaders and figures, including John Adams and Paul Revere. Copley's work reflects the tensions of colonial life and the transition to independence.

Phillis Wheately

An African American poet in the 18th century, Wheateley was the first published female African American author. Her work often addressed themes of freedom and religion.

John Peter Zenger

An American journalist whose trial in 1735 established a precedent for freedom of the press by allowing truth as a defense against libel charges.