Period 5

1. Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend power and civilization across the breadth of North America

An Expantionalist mindset

2. Gold Rush

The event in which gold was found in California leading to mass migration to CA

3. Federal Land Grants

Land granted by the federal government and was encouraged to be used for schools for farmers, engineers, and scientists

4. Oregon Territory

The U.S. wanted to push their borders into this territory which was claimed by Britain due to large amounts of pioneers migrating to these lands in the 1820s and 30s

5. Wilmot Proviso

Excluded slavery from new territories

Also preserved the New Land for White settlers

6. Mexican War

Cause: Caused by the annexation of Texas and led to border dispute. War started after Mexican army crossed the Rio Grande and captured an American army patrol killing 11

Effects:

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

U.S. possession of CA and New Mexico

Wilmont Proviso

7. Annexation of Texas

Applied for annexation after declaring independence from Spain. Was denied at first but annexed during John Tyler's presidency.

Led to the Mexican War

8. Bear Flag Republic

During CA's time as an independent republic it was known as this due to the California Grizzly Bear on the flag.

9. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1. Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas

2. US took possession of former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico- the Mexican Cession (US payed 15 million for these territories)

10. Gadsden Purchase

Purchase by Franklin Pierce

Was a semidesert which would become modern day south sections of New Mexico and Arizona

11. Matthew C. Perry

Was sent to Japan to pressure them to sign the Kanagawa Treaty which allowed U.S. vessels to enter two Japanese ports to take on coal.

12. Free Soil Party

Was in favor of having new territories be free soil in which no slavery was allowed.

13. Popular Sovereignty

Lewis Cass suggested that people should vote for slavery or no slavery in their new Western Territories

14. Compromise of 1850

California admitted as a free state

Fugitive Slave Law

Provision for Popular Sovereignty

(Giving more power to the North, building tension)

15. Fugitive Slave Act

Would help owners track runaway slaves and return them.

16. Underground Railroad

A loose network of activists who helped enslaved people escape to freedom in the North or Canada.

The most famous conductor was Harriet Tubman who helped up to 300 slaves escape

17. Uncle Tom's Cabin

By Harriet Beecher Stowe: A book about a brutal white slave owner and an enslaved man Tom

Believed to be one of the main causes of tensions leading to a civil war

18. Frederick Douglass

Former slave and an abolitionist speaker

19. Kansas-Nebraska Act

Stephen Douglas' compromise to split the Nebraska territory into Nebraska and Kansas and have each decide on their status for slavery (popular sovereignty)

20. Charles Sumner

Made personal charges against South Carolina senator Andrew Butler

Was then attacked by Butler's nephew Preston Brooks with a cane to the head multiple times

This symbolizes lack of diplomacy and foreshadows the Civil War

21. Republican Party (1860s)

Composed of Free-Soilers and Antislavery whigs and some democracts. Began by aiming for the end of spreading slavery, not ending it as a whole

22. Know-Nothing Party

Party centered around fear on immigration

__MCE_ITEM__23. Lecompton Constitution

Aimed to admit Kansas as a slave state, Did NOT Pass

__MCE_ITEM__24. Dred Scott v. Sanford

Dred Scott (enslaved) was brought to free soil (Wisconsin) during his time as a slave for 2 years and then sued for his freedom

Court Decided against Scott because:

Had no right to sue the federal court

Congress could not deprive any person of their property

Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it excluded Wisconsin

__MCE_ITEM__25. Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Lincoln ran for republican, Douglas for democrat. Lincoln gained fame from his "house-divded" speech but ultimately lost against Douglas

__MCE_ITEM__26. John Brown

A radical abolitionist who fought using force against slave owners

__MCE_ITEM__27. Harper's Ferry Raid

John Brown, his four sons, and former enslaved people were led to attack the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry.

John Brown was captured by Robert E. Lee

__MCE_ITEM__28. Election of 1860

Fourth Political Party: Constitutional Union Party (Nominee John Bell)

Border states voted for Bell and Douglas

Lincoln wins the election leading to secession of the Deep South

__MCE_ITEM__29. Abraham Lincoln

Led the Republican campaign to stop the spread of slavery in new territories as well as install protective tariffs, free land for homesteaders, and internal improvements.

__MCE_ITEM__30. Secession

The Deep South seceded after the election of Lincoln as that was all they needed.

States: Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas

__MCE_ITEM__31. Crittenden Compromise

John Crittenden's plan to revert back to the 36 30 line for slavery and free states. Was denied by Lincoln as it disagreed with the Republican party's beliefs.

__MCE_ITEM__32. Border states

The deep south that voted for Douglas and Bell in the 1860 election

__MCE_ITEM__33. Confederate States of America

Seven seceding states created this in 1861 in Montgomery, Alabama.

__MCE_ITEM__34. Morrill Tariff Act

Raised tariffs to protect and raise revenue for American manufacturers (Call back to Henry Clay and Hamilton)

__MCE_ITEM__35. Morrill Land Grant Act

Encourage the use of federal land grants for agricultural and technical colleges.

__MCE_ITEM__36. Pacific Railway Act

Authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to link the economies of California and the Western Territories with the Eastern States.

__MCE_ITEM__37. Homestead Act

Offered settlement on the Great Plains by offering 160 acres of public land free to anyone who moved and farmed there for 5 years. (Similar to headright)

__MCE_ITEM__38. Fort Sumter

The starting place of the Civil War after South Carolina decided to open fire

__MCE_ITEM__39. Robert E. Lee

A confederate general and the commander of the South's eastern forces.

__MCE_ITEM__40. Ulysses S. Grant

A union general who captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River

__MCE_ITEM__41. Gettysburg

One of the bloodiest battles in the war resulting in more than 50,000 casualties. Lee and the Confederate army retreated after 3 days due to an unsuccessful charge by George Picket.

__MCE_ITEM__42. Sherman's March

William Tecumseh Sherman lead a force of 100,000 men and marched through Georgia destroying everything the enemy might use to survive and then took Atlanta in September of 1864

__MCE_ITEM__43. Executive power

The power of the President to make decisions with the approval of Congress

__MCE_ITEM__44. Habeas corpus

The right to a fair trail. Lincoln suspended this after Fort Sumter which allowed for people to be arrested without knowledge of cause.

__MCE_ITEM__45. Emancipation Proclamation

Stated that people held as slaves in designated States and parts of States are now and forever freed.

__MCE_ITEM__46. 13th Amendment

Abolished slavery

__MCE_ITEM__47. 14th Amendment

Declared all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. were citizens

Equal protection of laws and due process of law

__MCE_ITEM__48. 15th Amendment

Prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote.

__MCE_ITEM__49. Massachusetts 54th Regiment

One of the all-Black units in the Union army.

__MCE_ITEM__50. Civil Rights Act of 1866 & 1875

1866: Pronounced all African Americans as US citizens and attempted to provide a legal shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes

1875: Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries

__MCE_ITEM__51. Wade-Davis Bill

Required 50 percent of a state's people to take a loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new constitution.

__MCE_ITEM__52. Freedmen's Bureau

Acted as a welfare agency which provided food, shelter, and medical aid for Black and White Americans

__MCE_ITEM__53. Black Codes

Restricted basic rights of Black citizens.

__MCE_ITEM__54. Radical Republicans

Championed civil rights for Black Citizens. Many Republicans became more radical out of fear that the democratic party would become dominant again.

__MCE_ITEM__55. Reconstruction Acts

Placed the South under military occupation. Divided former Confederate states into five military districts each under the control of the Union army. Also increased requirements for readmission into the Union.

__MCE_ITEM__56. Tenure of Office Act

Prohibted the president from removing a federal official or military commander without Senate approval.

__MCE_ITEM__57. Scalawags

Southern Republicans: Former Whigs who were interested in economic development for their states and peace between the sections

__MCE_ITEM__58. Carpetbaggers

Northern Newcomers: Some were investors interested in setting up new businesses while others were teachers and ministers with humanitarian goals, some went to plunder.

__MCE_ITEM__59. Sharecropping

Land lords would provide grain and farming tools in exchange for a portion of the harvest.

__MCE_ITEM__60. Hiram Revels

One of two (the other being Blanche K. Bruce) African Americans who were sent to the senate during the reconstruction era.

__MCE_ITEM__61. Ku Klux Klan

Founded by Nathanial Bedford Forrest. Terrorized black citizens by killing them, brutally attacking them, and burning black owned buildings.

__MCE_ITEM__62. Force Acts (1870 and 1871)

Gave federal authorities the power to stop the KKK violence and protect the civil rights of citizens.

__MCE_ITEM__63. Compromise of 1877

Democrats would let Rutherford B. Hayes be president if he:

1. immediately ended federal support for the Republicans in the South

2. Support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad