chem term 1

The solutes we measure are more commonly known as

analytes

Solutes and solvents used in analytical work to assay patient specimens are called ___ grade chemicals

AR

CLRW stands for

Clinical Laboratory Reagent Water

ion exchange removes ions to produce

mineral free deionized water

what type of purification method removed bacteria, pyrogens, particulates, dissolved ions and some organics?

Distillation

What removes 95%-99% of organic compounds, bacteria, and other particulates

Reverse Osmosis

how do you produce CLRW

1. Pre/filters and filters

2. Purify

3. Membrane

4. Ion exchange

5. Activated carbon

To assure purity of CLRW, what is tested monthly

• Microbiological

• Organic impurities

• Resistivity

• Paticulate and colloid counts

Primary materials

Highly purified, known concentration

Secondary materials

assayed value established by reference or comparison of known materials

Certified materials

high standards with certificate of analysis

What is the glassware used to create accurate results

Class A glassware

TC

to contain

TD

To deliver

Centrifugation

the process of using centrifugal
force to separate the lighter portions from the
heavier portions.

What are the two types of centrifuges

horizontal head and fixed angle

RCF is equal too

RCF = 1.118 X 10-5 X r X rpm2

Relative centrifugal force

the amount of force to sediment particles in a centrifuge

the main thing to remeber when using a centrifuge is

balance with caps on

maintenance of a centrifuge

• clean and decontaminate when things sill

• check speed with a tachometer

• check brushes (if present)

• document when and what maintenance was done

What class of analytical weights are used to calibrate balances

Class S weights

buffer

solutions containing a weak acid or base and its equivalent salt

this solution is resistant to Ph changes

radio waves are

long

energy is inverse to

wavelength

energy is proportional to

frequency

what is not absorbed is

transmitted

beers law=

abc

what are the 4 conditions of beers law

1. no multiple wavelengths

2. no interfering sunstances

3. no stray light

4. high concentrations are diluted

single beam spectrophotometer looks like (diagram)

UV range is

200-400nm

visible light is

400-750nm

monochromator

isolates radiant energy of a desired wavelength and excluding that of other wavelengths

what devices are used for spectral isolation

• filters

• prisms

• diffraction gratings

bandpass

rage of a wavelength transmitted

spectral bandwidth

width of a wavelength at half the max intensity of light leaving the monochromator

the more efficient the monochromator

the narrower the bandpass

wht cuvettes are used for accurate measurements of UV

quartz

photodetectors

convert light into electrical signal

photodiode detectors

1. silicon

2. germanium

3. indium gallium arsenide

4. lead (II) sulfide

what type of lamps are used light of the ultra violet range

H+ or deuterium lamps

What type of lamp is used for the visible range

Tungsten

what is number 1

body tube

what is number 2

Revolving nose piece

what is 3

low powered objective

what is 4

medium powered objective

what is 5

high powered objective

what is 6

stage clips

what is 7

the condenser

what is 8

light source

what is 9

eye piece or ocular lense

what is 10

arm

what is 11

the stage

what is 12

course adjustment knob

what is 13

stage adjuster

what is 14

base

review other parts

magnification=

lens objectivex10 (40X x10= 400)

gold top and or red top

most therapeutic drugs

green top

chem test

heparin on ice

ammonia, blood gas, whole blood icals

sodium flouride

glucose testing- slows glycolysis

not used for BUN-inhibits urease

EDTA

used in heme

what is it challenging to use plasma from a EDTA for chem testing

it causes Potassium to sky rocket as potassium is in EDTA

Hemolysis causes what to increase

• K+

• LD

• AST

• AMM

• Mg++

• PO4

• iCal

T/F Class A pipets do not need to be recalibrated by the lab

true

A self draining pipet that has the highest degree of accuracy and precision is a/an

volumetric pipet

This vessel is calibrated to hold one exact volume of liquid (TC)

Class A volumetric flask

The vessel in the image on right is designed to hold different volumes and is used to prepare reagents. what is it called?

erlenmeyer flask

centrifugal force depends on three things:

• mass

• speed

• radius

T/F, A 1:10 dilution is the same as a 1:10 ratio

F

T/F, A 1:10 dilution is the same as a 1:9 ratio

T

serial dilutions are used for

infectious disease testing

in order for a serial dilution to be clinically significant

must see a 4-fold or 2 tube r

A= (log version)

2-log%T

at what wavelength are quartz cuvettes required

340nm

Biochromatic analysis is used to correct for

interference

What are three types of interference

1. hemolysis

2. Icterus

3. lipemia

What lamps have built in sources for checking wlength accuracy

H+ or deuterium lamps

What filters may be used to check for qlength calibration

holmium oxide or didymium

standard absorbing solutions are used for what

determining wavelength accuracy of instrument

Atomic absorbtion spectrophotometry detects the absorbtion of EMR by

atoms

atomic absorbtion uses a light source of

hollow cathode lamp

what kind of lamp would be used for checking copper levels

copper atom filled lamp

Fluorometry differs from spectrophotometry in what two ways

1. Has 2 monochromators to select excitation wavelength and the emission wavelength

2. detector is at right angles to the excitation beam

what are the advantages of absorption spectroscopy

• more specific

• more sensitive

Quenching

causes decreased readings due to absorption of emitted light by other solutes

Positive FPIA

• most tagged Ag unbound

• reduces the amount of polarized light produced

Negative FPIA

• tagged Ag binds to Rgt ab

• increases polarized light

Turbidimetry

measures decrease in light

nephelometry

measures scattered light (like glitter)

Quality assurance (QA)

Overview of systems and determining goals for said system and how to improve it.

what are three things in QA of a lab

• pre-analytical

• analytical

• post-analytical

Quality control

uses control materials as a reference to determine accuracy and reliability of patients results

Mean

arthmetric average value

Median

center of all observations

mode

value greatest frequency

when the distribution is symmetrical the mode is equal to

mean and median

-2s to +2s is

95.5% of a bell curve

standard deviation is equal to

Coefficient of variation is equal to