Botany lecture (Plant tissues)

Angiosperm

Characterized by their flowers and fruits, which protect and contain their seeds

Apical Meristem

A region actively dividing, undifferentiated cells found at the tips of the plant’s shoots and roots.

Axillary Bud

A small bud located in the axil of a leaf that can grow into a new shoot, a branch, or a flower

Basal Angiosperm

Flowering plants which diverged from a lineage leading to most flowering plants.

Bulbs

Short, underground modified stem surrounded by fleshy leaves or scales that store food reserves.

Circular bordered pits

Specialized structures in the xylem cell walls or higher plants that are critical for water transport and safety

Collenchyma

cells with irregularly thickened primary cell walls, primarily composed of cellulose and pectin.

companion cells

Metabolically active plant cells found in the phloem tissue that support sieve elements

Corms

Short, vertical, swollen underground stem that serves as a plant’s storage organ, use to survive adverse conditions like winter or drought.

Cortex

Ground tissue located between the epidermis and the vascular tissues in stems and roots

Cuticle

Protective waxy, hydrophobic layer secreted by epidermal cells that covers the outermost surface of the leaves.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of cells, a protective barrier that covers stems, leaves, roots, and other organs, providing mechanical strength.

Eudicots

A large clade of plants, or angiosperms, distinguished by having two cotyledons in their seeds.

Fibers

Long elongated plant cells found from the sclerenchyma tissue, characterized by a thick cell wall, often containing lignin and cellulose

Ground meristem

Primary plant tissue found in the growing tips of stem and roots that develops into the non-vascular, non-dermal ground tissues of the plant.

Guard Cells

Pair of specialized, kidney-shaped cells in a plant’s epidermis that surround and control the opening and closing of the stoma or pore

Internodes

The section of a stem found between two nodes.

Metaphloem

is the later-forming part of the primary phloem in plants.

Metaxylem

Part of a plant’s primary xylem that develops after the organ has finished elongating

Monocot

A clade characterized by a single cotyledon in their seeds.

Nodes

A point of attachment, growth, or divergence

Parenchyma

Functional living tissue in plants and animal, consisting of thin walled cells that perform various functions.

Perforation

Opening in the cell walls of xylem vessel element, formed by the complete disappearance of the wall material

Phloem

The living vascular tissues in plants responsible for transporting sugars and other organic nutrients.

Phyllotaxy

The arrangement of leaves, scales, or flowers on plant stem

Pits

Microscopic channels formed by thinner areas in cell walls, typically between adjacent cells.

Pit Membrane

Plant cell wall structure located in the center of a pit, acting as a barrier to prevent harmful air bubbles.

Pit pair

Two pits occurring opposite one another in the walls of adjacent cells of many higher vascular plants

Pith

The soft, spongy ground tissues located in the center of a plant stem, made of parenchyma cells that store nutrients like starch and water

Primary growth

The process off lengthening stems and roots and occurs through cell division and elongation in the apical meristems.

Primary tissues

Dermal tissue, vascular tissues, and ground tissue

Protoderm

A thin outer layer of the meristem in embryos and growing points of roots and stems, which give rise to the epidermis.

Protophloem

The first phloem tissue to develop in a plant, emerging from the pro cambium during primary growth

Protoxylem

The first-formed primary xylem tissue in plants.

Provascular tissues

An embryonic plant meristematic tissue that serves as as the precursor to the mature vascular tissues, xylem and phloem

Rhizomes

Plant’s nodified, horizontal, underground stem that produces roots and new shoots from its nodes.

Sclereids

A type of sclerenchyma cell in plants, characterized by thick, lignified, and often complex cell walls that provide mechanical support and protection.

Sclerenchyma

is a plant tissue that provides mechanical strength and support, composed of dead cells with thick, lignified secondary cell walls

Sieve areas

Specialized regions on the cell walls of sieve elements in plants

Sieve plates

Long elongated cells found in gymnosperms and other seedless vascular plants

Sieve pores

Connects neighboring sieve elements to form the conducting sieve tubes of the phloem

Sieve tubes

Living, elongated plant cells, forming part of the phloem tissue, that transport sugars and other organic nutrients throughout the plant

Sieve tube member

A living, but enucleated, sugar conducting cell in angiosperms that is part of a sieve tube

Stoma

microscopic pores on the surface of leaves and stems of nearly all higher plants that regulate gas exchange and transpiration.

Tracheary element

Dead, hollow, lignified cells of the xylem responsible for the long-distance transport of water and dissolved minerals in vascular plants, forming the water conducting system.

Tracheids

Elongated, lignified cells in the xylem of vascular plants that conduct water and minerals from roots to other parts, and also provides mechanical structural support.

Trichomes

Hair like out growths on the surface of plants, algae, and lichens

Tubers

A fleshy, enlarged underground part of a plant’s stem or root that functions as a storage organ

Vascular bundles

Strands of specialized plant tissue, containing xylem and phloem, that act as the plant’s transport system

Vessel

The most efficient water-conducting structure in the xylem of most flowering plants, formed by a series of interconnected vessel elements.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolve nutrients upward