HHD ENTIRE YEAR CUE CARDS

Unit 3 & 4

What is health and wellbeing?

Relates to a persons physical, social, emotional, mental, and spiritual existence and is characterized by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable, and engaged.

Physical health and wellbeing

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems and it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

What are the characteristics of optimal physical health and wellbeing?

Well-functioning immune system, adequate energy levels, healthy body weight, able to complete daily physical tasks, adequate levels of fitness, absence of disease and illness, well-functioning body and systems

What is social health and wellbeing?

Relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage and adapt appropriately to different social situations.

What are the characteristics of optimal social health and wellbeing?

Well-functioning network of friends, well functioning and supportive family, able to manage or adapt to different social situations, able to develop and maintain relationships with others, positive contributions to social groups and the community.

What is mental health and wellbeing?

The current state of wellbeing relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. It is about the ability to positively form opinions, make decisions, and use logic.

What are the characteristics of optimal mental health and wellbeing?

Confidence in yourself and your abilities, low levels of stress and anxiety, ability to think logically and problem solve, high levels of self-esteem, able to reason and form opinions and make decisions, optimistic and positive thought patterns.

What is emotional health and wellbeing?

Relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. It is about the positive management of emotional actions and reactions, as well as the ability to display resilience.

What are the characteristics of optimal emotional health and wellbeing?

Able to display resilience, able to recognize and understand a wide range of emotions in others, able to respond and manage your own emotions appropriately, able to experience appropriate emotions in a range of scenarios.

What is spiritual health and wellbeing?

It is not material in nature, but instead relates to the ideas, beliefs, values, and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, and a guiding sense of meaning or value, and a reflection on your place in the world.

What are the characteristics of optimal spiritual health and wellbeing?

A sense of meaning and purpose in life, a sense of belonging and connection to something greater than yourself, living by a set of beliefs and values, being at peace and reflecting on your place within the world, a sense of hope for a positive future

Dynamic

Something that is constantly changing or can change quickly.

Subjective

Something that can be viewed differently by different people.

Illness

A subjective concept relates to personal experience of a disease

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction, or tissue damage.

What is the importance of optimal health and wellbeing individually?

• Attend school and gain an education

• Attend work and earn an income

• Play sport and maintain high levels of fitness

• Spend time with friends and maintain satisfying relationships

• Care for and raise a family

• Sleep well and restore energy levels

• Work towards their purpose in life

What is the importance of optimal health and wellbeing nationally?

• More people can work and contribute to tax revenue to the government to spend on national priorities

• More people can engage in the community in groups and activities such as volunteering

• Less people in the health system provides more space and opportunities for others who are unwell to be treated

• Less people are relying on social security and funds saved can be redirected to national priorities, more people are well enough to consider engaging in the defense of the nation as needed

What is the importance of optimal health and wellbeing globally?

• People can work together on global challenges such as climate change

• People are more likely to be able to attend work and contribute to global trade and economic development

• Contributes to global peace and stability as people are less likely to feel desperate and unfairly treated

• Reduces the risk of disease transmission between countries

What is health states?

An individual or populations overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amounts of disability, and disease risk factors.

Life expectancy

An indication of how long a person can expect to live. It is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a certain age if death rates do not change.

HALE

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. It is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live, based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in an individual or the levels of ill health in a population or group.

Incidence

The number or rate of new cases of a disease, during a specified time, usually during a 12 month period.

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

Mortality

Refers to death, particularly at a population level.

Infant mortality

The death of infants between birth and their first birthday, usually expressed per 1,000 live births.

Under five mortality

The number of deaths of children under 5 years of age per 1000 live births.

Maternal mortality

Death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 6 weeks of delivery, typically expressed per 100,000 women giving birth.

BOD

A measure of the impact of disease and injuries. Specifically it measure the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. BOD is measure in a unit called DALY.

DALY

A measure of BOD where one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease, or injury.

YLL - Years of life lost due to premature death

A measure of how many years of expected life are lost due to premature death.

YLD - Years of life lost due to illness, injury, or disability

A measure of how many healthy years of life are lost due to illness, injury, or disability.

Self-assessed health statues

A measure based on a persons own opinion about how they feels about their health and wellbeing, their state of mind, and life in general. It is commonly sourced from population surveys.

Biological factors - definition

Factors that related to the body and its functions, which can impact our health.

Examples of biological factors

• Body weight

• Blood pressure

• Birth weight

• Glucose regulation

• Cholesterol levels

• Genetics - hormones, eg

Blood pressure

As blood travels around the body a force is placed upon the walls of the blood vessels

• Can lead to stroke, heart disease, and kidney disease

• Activities that can contribute: Smoking, poor diet, lack of physical activity, high levels of stress

Cholesterol levels

A type of fat that has two main forms LDL (bad) and HDL (good)

• LDL can build up on the walls of the blood vessels in the body, providing less room for blood to travel, and this can increase risk of heart attack or stroke

• HDL has the opposite and can help reduce the build up of LDL

Glucose regulation

Glucose is a type of sugar that the body uses to create energy. When we eat food such as carbs, they are broken down into glucose which is then absorbed into the bloodstream

• Impaired glucose regulation means cells become resistant to insulin and cannot take up glucose effectively, a precursor for type 2 diabetes.

Sociocultural factors - definition

The social and cultural conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age

What are the sociocultural factors?

• Social expectations and attitudes

• Employment status

• Access to culturally appropriate healthcare

• Social isolation

• Socioeconomic statues (Income, Education, Occupation)

• Cultural traditions

• Social networks

Environmental factors - definition

The physical surroundings in which we live, work, and play.

What are the environmental factors?

• Work environment/ workplaces - uv exposure, working conditions, exposure to hazardous chemicals

• Quality of air and water

• Infrastructure, such as road quality

• Community safety

• Housing environment -Sleeping conditions, overcrowding, ventilation and hygiene

• Access to physical resources within a community - transportation, health services, recreation facilities

Conditions associated with smoking and vaping

CVD, cancers infectious disease, asthma and respiratory conditions

Conditions associated with alcohol

• Affects part of the mind controlling inhibition - injuries

• Overweight and obesity and associated conditions

• Cancers

• Liver disease

• Mental ill-health

Conditions associated with overweight and obesity

• Type 2 diabetes

• Kidney disease

• Osteoarthritis

• Mental health issues

• Cancer

• CVD

Underconsumption of fruit and vegetables

Lack of fiber, folate, vitamin c, and antioxidants

• CVD

• Overweight and obesity

• Cancer

• Neural tube defects

Underconsumption of dairy foods

Dairy foods = animal milk, and products that are created from animal milk

Common nutrients are calcium, phosphorous, protein, and vitamin d

• Osteoporosis

• Dental caries

• Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer

What are the healthier fats?

Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated

What are the unhealthier fats?

Trans and saturated fats

High intake of fat

• High intake of unhealth fats can increase ldl cholesterol

• Type 2 diabetes

• CVD

• Osteoarthritis

• Mental health issues

• Cancer

• Overweight and obesity

High intake of salt

Salt is made up of sodium

• CVD

• Osteoporosis (calcium drawn out of bones)

• High blood pressure (draws liquid out of cells, increases blood volume)

High intake of sugar

• Dental caries

• Overweight and obesity

• Type 2 diabetes

• CVD

Low intake of fibre

• Fibre is not absorbed by the body but travels through the digestive system and contributes to satiety

• Found in fruit and veggies, oats, legumes, nuts, and seeds

• Overweight and obesity

• Type 2 diabetes

• Colorectal cancer

• CVD

What is old public health?

Government actions focused on altering the physical environment to help reduce the spread of infectious diseases, which included the provision of safe water and sanitation, improved housing and work conditions, sewage disposal, and improved nutrition.

What were the common infectious diseases from the early 1900s?

Diarrhea, cholera, measles, smallpox, tuberculosis, typhoid, whooping cough

What were the old public health initiatives?

• Improved access to clean drinking water

• Improved sanitation and better sewage disposal

• Improved working conditions

• Improved food and nutrition

• Introduction of quarantine laws

• Mass immunization programs

What is the biomedical approach to health?

A model of health focused on the biological and physical aspects of disease and illness, it is practiced by doctors and health professionals, and is focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and cure of disease and illness.

What are some examples of the biomedical approach?

• Medications such as antibiotics, chemotherapy, and antihypertensives

• Medical technology used to diagnose health conditions such as blood tests, x-rays, and MRI

• Medical technology used to treat health conditions such as radiation therapy, nebulizers, and defibrillators

Strengths of the biomedical approach

• Increases life expectancy, as many once fatal illnesses and disease can be treated effectively

• Allows for many common illnesses and conditions to be treated simply such as by taking medication such as an anti biotic

• Leads to more years spent in good health, increasing HALE, as many chronic conditions can be managed with medication

Limitations of the biomedical approach

• Not all health conditions can be effectively treated and cured with this approach, thus it cannot be relied on

• Medical technology and health professionals at the core of this approach can expensive to develop and train, therefore costly to governments and organizations

• It does not necessarily promote good health and wellbeing, as people may believe treatment is always available thus rely on it instead of changing behaviors

• The health professionals and medical technology that are at the core of this approach can be difficult to access and afford for certain groups of people, thus contributing to differences in health status between population groups

What is the social model of health?

A model of health focused on preventing health conditions by directing efforts towards addressing the physical, sociocultural, and political environment.

Examples of the social model of health

• Policies and laws such as seat belt laws, smoking restrictions, and sun safe policies

• Education such as government health promotion campaigns on TV and social media that raise awareness on risky behaviors

• Health promotion programs such as sunsmart

What are the strengths of the social model of health?

• Focuses on promoting healthy behaviors that can promote good health and wellbeing and prevent many diseases and illnesses from developing

• Is not as costly as the biomedical approach as health promotion campaigns and activities are less expensive than medical technology and health professionals

• The health education at the center of this approach can be passed on to future generations to enhance their health and wellbeing, contributing to health and wellbeing sustainability

• Focuses more broadly on population groups rather than individual which often contributes to improvements in health outcomes of vulnerable population groups

What is the Ottawa charter for health promotion?

A document developed by the WHO that outlines the conditions required to promote high levels of health and wellbeing, which reflects the social model of health and includes 5 priority actions areas that can be used as a basis for improving health outcomes.

What is health promotion?

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health

What are the 5 action areas of the Ottawa charter?

• Build health public policies

• Create supportive environments

• Strengthen community actions

• Develop personal skills

• Reorient health services

Build health public policy

Laws and policies made by governments and organizations that seek to make healthier choices and behaviors easier.

• Eg increasing taxes on alcohol and cigarettes to make them more expensive to purchase to discourage people from buying them

Create supportive environments

Developing physical and sociocultural environments that promote health and wellbeing and provide people with options to engage in healthy behaviors.

• Providing schools with shaded areas so students can avoid UV exposure

Strengthen community actions

Providing the opportunity for individuals to work together with their community to improve a common goal.

• Eg local councils providing free workshops for citizens to increase their knowledge about the harms of drug taking in order to reduce illicit drug use

Develop personal skills

Providing the opportunity for the development of knowledge and skills that will contribute to improved health outcomes

• Health promotion programs such as Sunsmart incorporating educational elements such as Slip, Slop, Slap, Seek, and Slide

Reorient health services

Altering the health system and services so that they focus more on promoting health and wellbeing and preventing health conditions rather than just diagnosing and treating them

• GPs spending more time educating their patients on the importance of healthy eating to help reduce high blood pressure rather than just prescribing antihypertensives

What is population health?

The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group.

What is social justice?

Social justice relates to fairness within society. It is the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and privileges within society.

What are the principles of social justice?

Participation, access, human rights, and equity

Human rights

Society should protect, respect and promote everyone’s rights and freedoms regardless of factors such as race, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity.

Access

Everyone in society should have access to equal opportunities and the resources they need to thrive, such as education, food, income, shelter, and healthcare

Participation

Everyone in society is encourage to participate in their community and have their voice represented.

Equity

This is not about treating everyone equally, but instead providing what disadvantaged individuals or groups require to achieve the same level of health and wellbeing as others. Equity should address the factors that cause inequality and provide strategies to ensure fairness.

What are the features to consider when evaluating an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People’s initiative?

• Is the initiative culturally appropriate?

• Does the initiative reflect the actions areas of the Ottawa Charter?

• Has the initiative led to improvements in health and wellbeing, or does it have the potential to?

• Is the initiative addressing a significant health issue for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?

• Is there a significant number of people who are able to access and take part in the initiative?

• Is the initiative sustainable in terms of funding and impact?

What are the federal government initiatives to promote healthy eating?

• Australian dietary guidelines

• Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander guide to healthy eating

• Australian guide to healthy eating

What are the Australian dietary guidelines?

They offer current recommendations on the types and quantities of foods Australians should consume to maintain optimal health and wellbeing.

Guideline 1

To achieve and maintain a heath weight, be physically active, and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs.

Guideline 2

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these five groups everyday (and drink plenty of water)

Guideline 3

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salts, added sugars, and alchohol.

Guideline 4

Encourage, support, and promote breastfeeding.

Guideline 5

Care for your food, prepare, and store it safely.

Strengths of the Australian dietary guidelines

• Provide information on the number of servings and serving sizes for people across the lifespan for bath males and females, providing relevant information to people with different needs.

• The guidelines are freely accessible online and in a wide range of formats

• If people follow the guidelines, this can assist to reduce the likelihood of developing or experiencing a number of diet related health conditions.

• Information regarding the range of different foods and health benefits associated with each food group is provided to help people to include these foods into their diet.

Limitations of the Australian Dietary Guidelines

• The guidelines do not cater well for a wide range of cultural eating patterns, which may make them difficult to follow

• The guidelines may be difficult to understand and interpret for someone with low literacy levels

• It may be difficult and time consuming for someone to calculate the number of servings and serving sizes

• The guidelines are only available in English and may be difficult to understand and follow for non-english speakers

What is the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating?

It is a visual food selection tool designed to complement the Australian dietary guidelines. It helps consumers plan, select, and consume appropriate proportions of food from the 5 food groups.

• Visually represents guideline 2 and 3

AGHE percentages of food

• Grain - 30-35 percent

• Vegetables and legumes/ beans - 30 percent

• Lean meats and poultry - 15 percent

• Fruit - 10 percent

• Milk and dairy - 10 percent

What is the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Guide to Healthy Eating?

The Australian Guide to Healthy Eating has been adapted to create a version that is culturally relevant for aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.