History of medicine

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the body

Greek doctors

Not interested in anatomy, explained illness using four elements

Mechanism

Reduction of life to physical and chemical forces

Vitalism

Belief that life is governed by unique forces

Riverine societies

Civilizations built around river systems

Fertile Crescent

Region in the Middle East with Tigris and Euphrates rivers

Hammurabi

King of Babylon, created a legal code of 282 laws

Seers

Used divination, inspected livers to diagnose illness

Priests

Performed incantations and exorcisms for spiritual balance

Physicians

Used drugs, surgery, and bandages for healing

Embalming and mummification

Enhanced knowledge of the body in ancient Egypt

Primary source

Information obtained through research or direct observation

secondary source

Information collected from other sources

Surgery

Derived from the Greek words for 'work' and 'hand'

Ancient Greece

Contributed heavily to medicine, worshiped Asclepius

Hippocratic medicine

Patient-oriented, based on observation and reasoning

Surgeons

Performed manual labor, considered inferior to physicians

Alexandrian medicine

Dissection allowed, advanced understanding of anatomy

Hippocratic Corpus

Collection of medical texts attributed to Hippocrates

Equilibrium of humours

Health as balance, illness as imbalance of humours

What is the Roman Republic?

509 BCE - 27 BCE with Rome's first 'Emperor' (regnal name Augustus, born Octavian)

What were the medical practices in the Roman world based on?

Greek tradition

What did Roman officials emphasize in terms of public health?

Sanitation

What did the Romans believe was their duty?

To bring civilization to the world

What did imperial expansion elevate military medicine to?

Safeguard the health of their army

What type of therapeutics held sway in Roman society?

Diet over drugs, drugs over surgery

What did many Romans believe affected their health?

Gods

What were the preferred and trusted medical remedies in Roman society?

Herbal remedies, procedures from market quacks, retired soldiers (army physicians), devotion to temples and prayers

What is itinerant learning?

Learning while traveling.

How many texts are attributed to Galen?

Around 350.

What is the Galenic Corpus?

A collection of Galen's extensive works.

How did Galen view his own work?

As the final stage of medical inquiry.

What was Galen's belief about further experimentation?

He believed there was no need for it.

What was Galen's anatomical concept of disease?

Understanding anatomy and physiology is key to treating disease.

What did Galen discover through animal dissections?

That the body is controlled by nerves from the brain and that the bladder produces urine.

What medical practice did Galen advocate for?

Bloodletting.

What are the four humors?

Blood, Yellow Bile, Black Bile, Phlegm

What does Blood represent?

Air and infancy

What does Yellow Bile represent?

Fire and youth

What does Black Bile represent?

Earth and adulthood

What does Phlegm represent?

Water and old age

What was largely believed in Mesopotamia in regards to your health

Your health were connected to the supernatural

How was illness viewed?

Sickness viewed as a judgment or a punishment for something

What did the Egyptians know much about as a result of mummification?

Bones and Large Organs

Historical significance

How do we decide what is important to learn about the past

evidence

How do we know what we know about the past

Cause and consequence

Why do events happen and what are their impacts

Continuity and change

How can we make sense of the complex flows of history

Historical perspective

How can we better understand the people of the past

The ethical dimension

How can history help us live in the present

Ex of a Primary source

 a diary, art, record of a court case, speech, law code, interviews, surveys, data sets, pics, vids. (made in time you are studying)

Ex of a Secondary source

Books, movies

What were the roles of Shaman or Medicine 'men'?

Skilled herbalists, oracles, physicians, and spiritual guides.

What were some ceremonial purifications performed by Shaman or Medicine 'men'?

Smudging, sweat lodges, and hallucinogenic rituals.

How do healers bridge the gap between the physical and spiritual worlds?

By acting as intermediaries and spiritual guides.

What skills did Shaman or Medicine 'men' possess?

Herbalism and healing techniques like poultices and tonics.

What is cultural adaptation of the wheel?

The wheel changes and adapts to the cultures it was used in.

What is the role of a shaman?

A shaman suggests what is wrong with your health and now to fix it

What is the role of a heeler?

Heelers help you to do what the shaman suggests.

How were health and wellness seen?

Health and wellness were seen as physical, social, and spiritual.

Trepidation

Drilling a hole in your skull to alleviate pressure or mental illness

Hierarchical and specialized

Organized in a structured and specialized manner

Spirits plaguing and possessing people

Belief in spirits causing harm and taking control of individuals

Ridding oneself of spiritual contamination

Removing spiritual impurities or negative influences

Sweating, fasting, ingesting to clear oneself

Using methods like sweating, fasting, or ingesting substances to cleanse the body and spirit

What is antiquity in the context of medicine?

Antiquity refers to the historical period where medicine was practiced and the ability to predict outcomes and alleviate suffering was valued.

What major discoveries in the mid-nineteenth century raised patient expectations of medicine?

The major discoveries of anesthesia and antisepsis raised patient expectations of medicine.

Besides licensing and certification, what allowed practitioners to participate in negotiating the rules that governed them?

Membership in professional associations allowed practitioners to participate in negotiating the rules that governed them.

What were some practices and theories included in 'medicine in Islam'?

'Medicine in Islam' included a wide range of practices and theories, including humoral, folk practice, faith, and magic healing.

Who was Muhammed?

Prophet of Islam, born in Mecca, c.570

What happened to Muhammed after his parents died?

Orphan, guardian by his uncle

What was housed in the Kaaba?

Many gods

What was Muhammed's occupation?

Merchant trader

Which tribe did Muhammed belong to?

Quraysh

What is the significance of the Kaaba?

Holy site in Mecca

Where did Muhammed receive visions and voices?

Hira cave

How long did it take for the verses of the Qur'an to be revealed?

Over 22 years

What did Muhammed do with the revelations?

Told to write them down

What was Muhammed good at?

Bringing tribes together

How did Islam spread to new areas?

Without forcing anyone to change religions

What was the Abbasid Caliphate?

Islamic dynasty from 750-1258 CE

What was the expectation regarding literacy in Arabic?

Ability to read and write in Arabic for elite

What was the expectation for non-Muslim doctors and teachers?

Continuing to work and translating knowledge into Arabic

Why were many documents saved?

Due to translations by Islamic scholars

Which works were regularly translated by Islamic scholars?

Greek, Persian, Indian, and Hebrew works

What were the pragmatic approaches to healing illness in Greco-Roman times?

Cupping and promoting hygiene and cleaning of wounds

How did Greco-Roman physicians understand infection?

They understood the importance of containing it

What did Greco-Roman physicians promote in terms of hygiene?

Cleaning wounds with forms of antiseptic

Who traced the circulation of blood to the heart in the 1200s?

Ibn al Nafis

What happened to the fame of medical discoveries made in the East?

It went to the West for the same discoveries made hundreds of years later

What were some important concepts in the field of medicine in islam?

Contagion, quarantine, and infectious diseases

What was variolation?

The precursor to the modern vaccine

When did Baghdad have a hospital?

805 CE

When did physicians have to pass medical examinations to work in hospitals?

early 930s CE

What were the centers for Islamic medical practice?

hospitals

What were the specialized wards dedicated to?

different illnesses or lecture rooms, libraries, surgery, pharmacy, places of worship

What did al-Razi emphasize in his medical practice?

observation and reason

What did al-Razi believe about medical practice for the elites?

it should be nicer and more pleasant

What did al-Razi consider as the basis of truth?

experience

What is the significance of Cordoba and Granada in relation to conservation in conquest?

Military expansion and territorial conquest led to cultural exchange.