Aly - Psychological Assessment

Assumption 6

Testing should be fair and unbiased.

Tests

Tools that assess knowledge or skills.

Test Publishers

Organizations creating standardized assessment instruments.

Fairness-related Problems

Issues affecting test equity despite guidelines.

Test Manual Guidelines

Instructions for proper test administration and use.

Test User

Individual using a test on diverse backgrounds.

Assumption 7

Testing benefits society by ensuring merit-based decisions.

Nepotism

Hiring based on personal relationships, not merit.

Educational Diagnosis

Instruments identifying learning difficulties in students.

Neuropsychological Impairments

Conditions affecting cognitive functions and behavior.

Military Screening

Assessing recruits for key variables efficiently.

Norm-Referenced Testing

Evaluating scores relative to a comparison group.

Norm

Typical performance standards for defined test groups.

Normative Sample

Group analyzed to evaluate individual test performance.

Norming

Process of establishing norms for test scores.

Race Norming

Norming based on racial or ethnic backgrounds.

User Norms

Statistics from a specific test-taker group.

Standardization

Administering tests to establish consistent norms.

Standard Error of Measurement

Estimates deviation of observed scores from true scores.

Standard Error of Estimate

Error in predicting one variable from another.

Standard Error of Mean

Measure of error in sample means.

Standard Error of Difference

Estimates significance of score differences.

Sampling

Selecting a representative portion of a population.

Stratified Sampling

Including diverse subgroups to prevent bias.

Stratified Random Sampling

Equal chance for all population members in sampling.

Purposive Sampling

Arbitrary selection believed to represent the population.

Convenience Sampling

Using readily available participants for a study.

Percentiles

Dividing distribution into 100 equal parts.

Descriptive Statistics

Summarizing data using central tendency and variability.

15th Percentile

Score at or below which 15% fall.

Raw Score

Actual number of correct answers on a test.

Percentage Correct

Correct answers divided by total items, multiplied by 100.

PMET Assumptions

Assumptions regarding performance measurement and evaluation techniques.

Age-Equivalent Scores

Scores indicating average performance for specific ages.

Mental Age

Age corresponding to a child's intellectual ability.

IQ Calculation

Mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

Mean IQ Score

Average IQ score set at 100.

IQ Standard Deviation

Standard deviation of approximately 16 for IQ scores.

Tracking

Children maintain relative performance levels over time.

Grade Norms

Average performance indicators for specific school grades.

Mean or Median Score

Average score calculated for each grade level.

Developmental Norms

Norms based on traits affected by age or grade.

National Norms

Normative sample representative of the national population.

Subgroup Norms

Norms segmented by specific selection criteria.

National Anchor Norms

Stabilize test scores by comparing with other tests.

Equipercentile Method

Calculates equivalency of scores based on percentiles.

Chronological Age

Actual age of a child in years.

Skewed Data

Data distribution where values are not symmetrical.

Convenient Gauge

Easy comparison of student performance within grades.

Performance Measurement

Assessing abilities through standardized testing.

Test Manual

Document detailing test administration and norms.

Selection Criteria

Factors used to choose children for testing.

Local Norms

Performance benchmarks based on local population data.

Test Revision

Adapting tests to fit local contexts and norms.

Fixed Reference Group

Group used for scoring future test administrations.

Score Distribution

Spread of scores from a fixed reference group.

PMET Norming

Using historical norms for future test scaling.

Criterion-Referenced Evaluation

Assessment based on specific performance standards.

Standard Definition

Criterion used for making judgments in evaluations.

Weighted General Average

Average considering different subject weightings in scores.

Passing Criteria

Minimum scores required to pass an evaluation.

Content Area Focus

Emphasis on scores related to specific subjects.

Socioeconomic Level

Economic status influencing educational opportunities.

Geographic Region

Location affecting educational performance and norms.

Criterion-Referenced Testing

Measures individual performance against a standard.

Reliability Coefficient

Proportion indicating true score variance ratio.

Good Reliability Estimate

0.70 to 0.80 is acceptable for research.

Clinical Reliability Standard

.90 reliability may be insufficient in clinical settings.

Classical Test Theory

Scores reflect true ability plus measurement error.

Observed Score Formula

X = T + E, where X is observed score.

True Score

The actual ability level of the test taker.

Measurement Error

Factors affecting measurement beyond the variable measured.

Random Error

Unpredictable fluctuations causing measurement inconsistencies.

Systematic Error

Constant error that can be predicted and fixed.

True Variance

Variance from genuine differences in ability.

Error Variance

Variance from irrelevant, random measurement sources.

Variance Definition

Standard deviation squared, indicating score variability.

Sampling Theory

Bell-shaped distribution of random measurement errors.

Mean of Observations

Estimates true score from repeated test applications.

Proportion of True Variance

Higher proportion indicates more reliable test scores.

Consistency of Test Scores

Stable true differences yield consistent scores.

Noise in Testing

Random error that varies without a discernible pattern.

Predictable Error

Systematic error that can be anticipated and corrected.

Test Score Variability

Sources of variability include true and error variance.

Measurement Process Factors

All influences on measurement besides the target variable.

Overweight Scale Error

Scale inaccurately adds 7 pounds to all weights.

Relative Standings

Order of weights remains unchanged despite errors.

Item Sampling

Variation among test items within and between tests.

Test Administration Errors

Influences affecting testtaker's performance during testing.

Test Environment Factors

Conditions like temperature and noise affecting test results.

Testtaker Variables

Personal issues impacting test performance, like stress.

Examiner-Related Variables

Influences from the examiner's presence or demeanor.

Scoring Errors

Mistakes in scoring due to technical glitches or bias.

Methodological Error

Flaws in research design affecting data integrity.

Test-Retest Reliability

Consistency of scores from same test over time.

Coefficient of Stability

Reliability measure when testing interval exceeds six months.

Carryover Effect

Previous test influences scores on subsequent tests.

Subjectivity in Scoring

Scorer's bias affecting the reliability of results.

Ambiguous Wording

Unclear questions leading to misinterpretation by respondents.

Intervening Factors

External influences affecting scores between test administrations.