ATI TEAS Science (General orientation and Respiratory system)

Anatomical position

Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward.

Reference planes

Planes dividing the body to describe locations; sagittal, coronal, and transverse.

Organ

A structure formed from various tissues that performs a specific function in an organism.

Directional terminology

Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements (distal, posterior, medial, etc).

Cephalic

Head

Cranial

Skull

Facial

Face

Cervial

Neck

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Palmar

Palm

Pollex

Thumb

Digital or phalangeal

Fingers/toes

Femoral

Thigh

Patella

Front of knee

Crural

Shin

Pedal

Foot

Tarsal

Ankle

Dorsum

Top of foot

Hallux

Great toe

Sternal

Breastbone

Thoracic

Chest

Mammary

Breast

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Navel

Coxa

Hip

Pelvic

Pelvis

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Pubis

Dorsum

Back of hand

Manual

Hand

Frontal

Forehead

Temporal

Temple

Orbital or occular

Eye

Otic

Ear

Buccal

Cheek

Nasal

Nose

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Occipital

Base of skull

Acromial

Shoulder

Scapular

Shoulder blade

Vertebral

Spinal column

Dorsal

Back

Olecranal or cubital

Back of elbow

Lumbar

Loin

Sacral

Between hips

Coccygeal

Tailbone

Gluteal

Buttock

Perineal

Area between anus and external genitals

Popliteal

Back of knee

Sural

Calf

Plantar

Sole

Calcaneal

Heel

Coronal or frontal plane

Front and back division

Transverse or cross-sectional

Top and bottom division

Sagittal or median

Left and right division

Anatomical direction

Superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, lateral, or medial.

Where are the brain and trachea anatomically?

Superior to the lungs

Which part of the arm is most distal to the shoulder?

The thumb is farthest away from the shoulder

Respiratory system’s main function

Perform the critical tasks involved in transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the body’s blood and removing carbon dioxide from the body’s cells.

(mediates the uptake of oxygen needed for metabolism)

• It exchanges gasses between the blood and the air in an environment

Carbon dioxide

Waste product of the human body

Breathing (inhaling & exhaling)

The process of bringing oxygen into the lungs

Cells

The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

• the thin walls decrease the distance between the air and bloodstream, increasing the rate of diffusion

• Increasing the distance would decrease the rate of diffusion

• Small and numerous alveoli increase the surface area, which increases the rate of diffusion

Organ systems

Functional groups of organs that work together within the body; circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous.

Ventilation

The exchange of oxygen with carbon dioxide in the lungs.

• Occurs as a combination of muscle action and negative pressure

Trachea

the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs.

The process of air

1. Enters through nasal openings

2. Moves into the nasal cavity

3. Travels past the pharynx (throat) and into the trachea

4. Continues to the first division of the trachea (the right and left primary bronchi)

5. The air in the right bronchus continues to the right lung

6. The air directed to the left bronchus continues to the left lung

Bronchi

The main passageways directly attached to the lungs (subdivide into smaller and smaller tubes called “bronchioles.”)

Bronchioles

Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

Heart

Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

Heart’s location

Located in the mediastinum (the area between the two lungs), marginally on the left side.

This allows the right lung more space so it is a little larger than the left lung.

Right lung lobes

Superior, middle, and inferior

Left lung lobes

Superior and inferior

Lung lobe divisions

Each lobe is divided into bronchopulmonary segments.

Each segment receives air from its own bronchus and blood from its own artery.

Mediastinum

The area between the two lungs

Pleura

A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity (protective, tough double membrane that contains each lung).

• Contains pleural fluid

Where are the lungs located?

In the thoracic cavity

What is the role of the heart in the respiratory system?

The heart’s pulmonary system sends blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide to the lungs where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off.

• happens where capillaries of the circulatory system interact with alveoli of the lungs

• This oxygenated blood is then returned to the heart where the systemic circulation sends it to all parts of the body

• As oxygen is consumed by the cells, the blood becomes deoxygenated and is returned to the heart

Capillaries

Small vessels that connect smaller arteries, called arterioles, to smaller veins, called venules, and carry out gas exchange.

Diffusion

The passive movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration.

• the rate diffusion increases if the distance between the blood cells and the alveoli is decreased.

Passive transport

Movement across a cell membrane that doesn’t require energy input

What happens during diffusion?

Oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood and carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs. The lungs then exhale the carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere.

How is the concentration of oxygen when the heart’s pulmonary vessels enter the lungs?

When the heart’s pulmonary vessels enter the lungs, the blood has a low concentration of oxygen.

• whereas, the recently inhaled air in the alveoli has a high concentration of oxygen in comparison to the capillaries.

How do molecules move?

Molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration (the thin alveolar epithelium allows the diffusion)

What do capillaries contain?

High levels of carbon dioxide

What do alveoli contain?

High levels of oxygen and low concentration of carbon dioxide

Where does carbon dioxide diffuse?

Into the alveoli

Where does oxygen diffuse?

Into the blood capillaries

What does INHALATION bring?

Oxygen

What does EXHALATION release?

Carbon dioxide

Muscle

Fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body.

How is the volume of the lungs increased?

The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles between the ribs contract simultaneously to increase the volume of the lungs.

• This decrease the pressure in the lungs and draws air in

• The diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax causing a reduction in lung volume and an increase in pressure in the lungs and causing air to be pushed out.

Periodic inspiration

Inhalation of air

Expiration

Expulsion of air

Tidal volume

The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation

• If tidal volume in the lungs increases, the diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the bloodstream increases.

• Oxygen will increase in the bloodstream.

• No effect on heart rate or surfactant