mitochondrial DNA

What is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)?

A type of genetic material found in the mitochondria

Where is mtDNA found?

In the mitochondria, the organelles responsible for cellular respiration

How is mtDNA inherited?

Only from the mother (maternally inherited)

What shape is mtDNA?

Circular strands of DNA

What does mtDNA code for?

Proteins and RNA molecules involved in cellular respiration

Why is mtDNA useful in forensic science?

It can identify individuals when other types of DNA are degraded or missing

How can mtDNA be used to trace ancestry?

It helps trace maternal lineages and evolutionary history

Why is mtDNA analysis useful for ancient populations?

It helps trace migration patterns when records are missing

What is a limitation of mtDNA analysis?

It only provides information about the maternal lineage

Does mtDNA give information about your father's ancestry?

No, it does not trace paternal lineage

Can mtDNA analysis give definitive proof of ancestry?

No, it only provides evidence—not definitive proof

Why can mtDNA still be analyzed when nuclear DNA is degraded?

Because mtDNA is more abundant and protected in the mitochondria

Why is mtDNA analysis helpful in studying ancient humans?

It reveals maternal migration patterns and genetic links between populations

How is mtDNA different from nuclear DNA?

MtDNA is maternally inherited and circular, while nuclear DNA is inherited from both parents and linear

Figure 1: Mitochondrial DNA.