Esci

sphaira

The word sphere comes from the Greek word ______, which means globe or ball.

matter

Each sphere is composed of _______ that are similar in nature, which is also the basis for their names.

subsystems

The Earth has four major ________, namely:

•   The atmosphere,

•   The geosphere,

•   The hydrosphere, and

•   The biosphere.

interacts

Each subsystem ________ with the other subsystems.

True

The interaction between these subsystems makes many processes on Earth possible.

atmosphere

The __________ makes up of all the gases on Earth.

Troposphere

is where humans and most of the biosphere reside, and is the lowest layer.

Stratosphere

contains the ozone layer.

Mesosphere

is where meteorites burn up.

Thermosphere

is a layer with extremely high temperatures.

Exosphere

is the outermost layer of the atmosphere, and the layer in contact with outer space.

Geosphere

___________ comes from the Greek word geo which means ground. It includes all the soil, rocks, and minerals present in the crust to the core of Earth.

Crust

This is the outermost layer, and is solid.

Mantle

This is the middle layer, and its upper layer is more fluid than its lower layer.

Core

This is the innermost layer, and its outer layer is liquid, while its inner layer is solid.

Water

Hydrosphere It is composed of all ______ on Earth in any form: water vapor, liquid water, and ice.

97.5%

It is comprised of saltwater and 2.5% freshwater.

Biosphere

It includes all the organisms on Earth and their interrelations.

Earth's Climate System

Weather-short-term changes

Climate-long-term patterns

GREENHOUSE GASES

factors that affect climate

G_ _EN_ _US_ G_SE_

HYDROSPHERE

factors that affect climate

_Y_ _ _S_H_RE

SOIL and VEGETATION

_ _ _ _ and V_ GE_T_T_ ON

TOPOGRAPHY

factors that affect climate

_ _ PO_RA_HY

BIOSPHERE

factors that affect climate

B_ _ S _ _ HE_E

Greenhouse Gases

These are gases that trap heat.

Soil and Vegetation

It affects climate by controlling how much energy received from the sun is returned to the environment.

moisture

Soil and Vegetation

Soil _______ greatly affects surface temperature because the evaporation of water from the soil requires energy.

Topography

the description of the surface feature of the land affects the wind that blows on the land surface.

photosynthesis

The biosphere affects climate through _________ and respiration.

hydrologic cycle

The movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to land and back to the ocean is called water or_______

Evapotranspiration

Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle

1.__________-liquid water to gas

Condensation

Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle

2.__________-the formation of clouds

Precipitation

Steps of the Hydrologic Cycle

3._________-the release of water from clouds

The Nitrogen Cycle

It refers to the transference and conversion of nitrogen across many forms. Both organisms and natural processes (like lightning) play a role in the nitrogen cycle.

Nitrogen Fixation

Steps of the nitrogen Cycle

1.______-atmospheric to usable nitrogen

Nitrification

Steps of the nitrogen Cycle

2.________-ammonia/ammonium to nitrite/nitrates

Ammonification

Steps of the nitrogen Cycle

3.__________-nitrogen releases as ammonia after decomposition

Denitrification

Steps of the nitrogen Cycle

4.__________-nitrogen returns to the atmosphere

organisms

Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

It includes the photosynthesis and respiration of __________, as well as some natural processes.

respiration

Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

The most well known among these are _______ in animals and photosynthesis in plants.

oxygen

Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

Respiration uses ______ and releases carbon dioxide.

carbon dioxide

Carbon and Oxygen Cycle

Photosynthesis uses ___________ and releases oxygen.

Minerals

It is a naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid, with a definite chemical composition, and an ordered crystalline structure.

Colors

Physical Properties of Minerals

_______refers to certain wavelengths of light that are reflected by a mineral and is perceived by the observer.

Streak

Physical Properties of Minerals

_____is the color of the powdered form of a mineral.

Luster

Physical Properties of Minerals

______ is the appearance of a mineral’s surface and is dependent on how it reflects light.

Crystal habit

Physical Properties of Minerals

________ is the characteristic shape in which a mineral grows and is a projection of the mineral’s crystal structure.

Cleavage

Physical Properties of Minerals

________is the tendency of some minerals to break along flat surfaces.

Fracture

Physical Properties of Minerals

__________is the pattern in which the mineral breaks aside from its planes of cleavage.

Hardness

Physical Properties of Minerals

__________is the resistance of the minerals to scratching.

Specific gravity

Physical Properties of Minerals

_______is the ratio of a minerals’ weight to the weight of an equal volume of water.

Solubility

Chemical Properties of Minerals

________refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature.

Melting point

Chemical Properties of Minerals

________refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid.

Wet chemical analysis

Analysis of the Composition and Crystal Structure of Minerals

_________ involves dissolving a mineral in an acid and analyzing the solution.

 

Spectroscopic techniques

Analysis of the Composition and Crystal Structure of Minerals

_________involve quantitative analysis of mineral components depending on the light absorbance of the compounds.

Quartz

Rock Forming Minerals

________has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is a glass-like hard substance with white streaks.

Feldspar

Rock Forming Minerals

_______has a chemical composition of XAlSi3O8, where X is potassium (K), calcium (Ca), or sodium (Na).

Mica

Rock Forming Minerals

____is soft, with hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes.

Pyroxene minerals

Rock Forming Minerals

_______have a general composition of XY(Al,Si)2O6where X is calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) and Y is either magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), or aluminum (Al).

Amphibole

Rock Forming Minerals

________has a general formula of W0-1X2Y5Z8O22(OH)2 (where W is Na or K; X is Na, Zn, Li, Ca, Mn, Fe2+, or Mg; Y is Mg, Fe2+, Mn, Al, Fe3+, Ti, Zn, or Cr; and Z is Si, Al, or Ti) and has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging from 5 to 6. It is opaque and has a glassy luster.

Olivine

Rock Forming Minerals

is a silicate mineral with a general chemical composition of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4, but calcium, manganese, and nickel can be substituted for magnesium and iron. It occurs as small, light green, glassy crystals. It is commonly used in the gemstone industry as peridot.

high rock-melting heat

Igneous rocks need ___________ similar to the temperature of the primitive earth.

Ignis

The term igneous comes from the Latin word _______which means fire.

700C

Igneous rocks is formed in temperatures not lower than ______.

Igneous Rocks

are formed from solidification of magma or lava which flows out from depth.

Minerals such as quartz, feldspar, pyroxene, olivine, amphibole, and micaare the components of almost all types of igneous rocks.  

crystals & volcanic glass

Formation of Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks are characterized by intergrowth of _______ and/or ________

 

Crystal size

Formation of Igneous Rock

_______ is directly proportional to the cooling rate of magma.

Big & Smaller

Formation of Igneous Rock

___crystals are formed deep underground, while _______ crystals are formed near the surface.

extrusive igneous rock

Types of Igneous Rocks

An ________ forms when magma or volcanic fragments erupt and solidify on Earth’s surface which results in very fine-grained rock with very small crystals that could not be seen through naked eye.

intrusive igneous rock

Types of Igneous Rocks

An _________ forms when magma crystallizes within the crust and is composed of medium to coarse grains. It is also known as a plutonic rock.

texture and composition of the rock.

Igneous rocks can be named using the binary system which is mainly based on its ____________

Bowen’s reaction series

___________ shows the progression of silicate minerals crystallization at specific temperature condition.

Sedimentary rocks

________ were formed from organic, mechanical or chemical sediments.

lithification

A process called _______ is where harden sediments become sedimentary rocks.

Diagenesis

Formation of Sedimentary Rock

_______ is a collective process where sediments are lithified (becomes rock).

Compaction

Formation of Sedimentary Rock

________ when sediments are smashed together.

cementation

Formation of Sedimentary Rock

After the sediments have been compacted, _______ occurs. Since most sediments can be found in water, water molecules are present in between particles.

Recrystallization

Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Ions of chlorine, magnesium, potassium, calcium, carbonate, sodium, and sulfate are commonly dissolved in seawater.

crystallize

Formation of Sedimentary Rock

However, others such as silica and phosphorus which contribute to the makeup of sedimentary rock are only found in trace amounts in seawater. These ions will _______ to form a rock after the water evaporates.

wind or water

Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Sedimentary rocks become more recognizable due to the presence of layers or bedding planes which are formed as sediments settle out and are sorted by transporting agents such as _______.

Metamorphic rocks

_________are rocks that have been altered, changed, or transformed in the solid state due to changes in pressure, temperature conditions, and chemical actions of hot fluids.

Metamorphism

______ refers to the alteration of rocks due to different factors, like temperature and pressure. There are many ways by which this occurs.

RECRYSTALLIZATION

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

__________ occurs when small crystals of one mineral will slowly convert to fewer, larger crystals of the same mineral without melting the rock.

 

Neomorphism

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

_______ is the process whereby minerals not only recrystallize, but also form different minerals from the same chemical elements.

Metasomatism

Formation of Metamorphic Rocks

_______ is the addition or loss of elements new minerals form with only some of the original elements, and new elements were added through hydrothermal migration.

Contact metamorphism

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

___________occurs only at a local area adjacent to large intrusions  and along fractures that are in contact with hot fluids.

Regional metamorphism

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

___________occurs when there are major igneous intrusions, presence of extreme pressure and heat due to deep burial.

Foliated metamorphic rocks

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

___________are formed when parallel planes of platy or elongated minerals creating what is called as foliations.

Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

Types of Metamorphic Rocks

_________do not have layered appearance. Examples are marble, quartzite, and anthracite.

Rock Cycle

_________shows that all rocks are related to each other.

sedimentary

Rock Cycle

Igneous rocks can change into ________ or metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks may also transform into igneous or metamorphic rocks. Metamorphic rocks can change into all the three rock types.

Goldich stability series

Factors Affecting Weathering of Rocks

_____________ illustrates the relative stability or weathering rate of numerous minerals. This series is roughly the inverse order of original crystallization for minerals found in the Bowen’s reaction series.