Dierential Impacts & Tectonic Hazard Patterns Multiple-Hazard Zone Case Study Theoretical Frameworks Mitigation & Adaptation

Dierential Impacts & Tectonic Hazard Patterns Multiple-Hazard Zone Case Study Theoretical Frameworks Mitigation & Adaptation

What is the Hazard Management Cycle?

A cyclical model showing the phases involved in preparing for, responding to, and recovering from a hazard — helping improve management over time.

What are the 5 stages of the Hazard Management Cycle?

• Hazard Event – the disaster occurs

• Response – immediate actions (rescue, aid, emergency relief)

• Recovery – rebuilding, restoring services

• Mitigation – reducing future impacts (e.g. land-use zoning)

• Preparedness – education, planning, drills
  → Then the cycle repeats when the next event occurs.

Advantages of the Hazard Management Cycle?

• Encourages continuous improvement

• Helps governments/communities plan and prioritise

• Useful for coordinating aid and recovery

Disadvantages of the Hazard Management Cycle?

• LICs may lack resources to implement it fully

• Unpredictable hazards may disrupt planning

• Communication gaps may affect preparedness

What is Park’s Model?

A model showing the change in quality of life over time following a hazard event, from impact to recovery.

Advantages of Park’s Model?

• Easy to compare responses between HICs and LICs

• Shows effectiveness of planning and speed of recovery

• Highlights social and economic impacts

Disadvantages of Park’s Model?

• Doesn’t show preventative strategies

• Not useful for multiple hazard events

• Lacks quantitative data (e.g. deaths, costs)

What is the difference between prediction and forecasting?

• Prediction: estimating when and where a hazard will happen (only reliable for volcanoes)

• Forecasting: estimating the likelihood of a hazard based on patterns

Why can’t earthquakes be predicted accurately?

Because seismic activity is complex and inconsistent — only forecasting is possible (e.g. seismic gap theory)

How are volcanoes predicted?

• Gas emissions (SO₂)

• Ground deformation (GPS, tiltmeters)

• Seismic activity

• Rising temperatures (thermal sensors)

Advantages of Prediction & Forecasting?

• Can save lives with early warning

• Helps with evacuation and planning

• Reduces economic damage

disadvantages of Prediction & Forecasting?

• Earthquake prediction still unreliable

• False alarms may cause panic or complacency

• Requires high-tech equipment and funding

What is the purpose of the DART system?

To detect and monitor tsunami waves in the deep ocean and provide early warnings to threatened coastal areas.

How does the DART system work?

• A seafloor sensor (pressure recorder) detects changes in water pressure caused by a passing tsunami.

• The data is sent to a surface buoy.

• The buoy transmits the data via satellite to a tsunami warning centre on land.

• If a tsunami is detected, alerts and evacuation warnings are issued.

What are the advantages of the DART system?

• Provides rapid detection of tsunamis

• Allows timely evacuation of coastal populations

• Helps reduce loss of life and economic damage

• Can monitor tsunamis in real-time

What are the disadvantages of the DART system?

• Expensive to install and maintain

• Vulnerable to technical failures (e.g. lightning strikes)

• Limited coverage in some regions (e.g. Africa, Indian Ocean)

• Delays in communication can reduce effectiveness

What is mitigation in hazard management?

Actions taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.

What is adaptation in hazard management?

Adjusting systems and societies to cope with hazards, reducing vulnerability rather than trying to stop the hazard itself.

Give two ways to mitigate volcanic hazards.

• Land-use zoning around high-risk areas

• Lava diversion barriers and draining crater lakes (to prevent lahars)

How can vulnerability be reduced through adaptation?

• Hazard-resistant buildings

• Education and drills (e.g. earthquake practice)

• Evacuation planning

• Monitoring and early warning systems

• GIS hazard mapping for risk zoning