BIO MELATONIN

What is sleep?

The periodic loss of consciousness

Biological rhythms happen in

24 hr periods

What are biological rhythms?

Biological cycles in the body that help it with sleep, hunger, and energy levels. Helps the body function over time.

Sleep occurs in how many cycles?

90

What is a circadian rhythm?

regular body rhythms that occur in 24 hr cycles that tell you when to fall asleep and wake up

What are the 3 stages of timing in a day?

so you start the day and then you go through the PEAK which is when you are the most energetic have better mood and most vigilant, then midday/afternoon is the TROUGH which is when mood drops and energy drops, finally the recovery which is when there is a rise of mood but still not as vigilant as the peak.

What hormone affects ones sleeping patterns and where is it released?

Melatonin from the pineal gland

Explain how phone usage can affect your sleep.

When you are on your phone it had blue light which suppresses melatonin production from the pineal gland. Therefore, less melatonin production leads to less sleep.

Explain the melatonin concentration in the body throughout the day.

Starting from the afternoon/evening the melatonin production increases and peaks in the middle of the night. Levels of melatonin concentration begin to decrease when the night begins to end and is to normal daytime low in the morning.

Why is more melatonin/ increases in the evening?

To help us fall asleep

What is adrenaline/epinephrine and where does it come from?

adrenaline/ epinephrine is an amine hormone that comes from the adrenal gland that is located above the kidney.

Why is adrenaline/epinephrine released from the adrenal gland?

In order to prepare the body for vigorous activity also known as flight or flight response.

Why is the flight or fight response used in animals?

In order for prey to retreat from a threat such as a predator.

Explain how epinephrine/adrenaline affects the body.

1) Causes liver and muscle cells to break down glycogen into glucose for anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

2) Causes bronchi and bronchioles to relax and become wider/dilated. Therefore allowing for more oxygen/ ventilation in the body.

3) Causes an increase in ventilation/total volume of air per minute.

4) Causes the sinoarterial node to fire more rapidly which causes the heart rate to increase therefore more blood is sent to different tissues in the body.

5) The arterioles that carry blood to the skeletal muscles will become wider to carry more blood to where it’s needed the most. This is called Vasodilation.

6) The arterioles that carry blood to the skin, kidney, and gut will narrow and constrict so that it can go to areas of the body will theres an immediate threat. This is called vasoconstriction.

Explain how skeletal muscles can perform contractions.

When skeletal muscles do/perform rigorous activity they require a greater supply of blood, glucose, and oxygen in order to create ATP for said vigorous activity. Therefore, their able to make ATP in order to perform their contractions.

State and explain the muscles used in flight and fight response.

1) The psoas pulls the leg up and forward preparing the body to run or kick.

2) The hamstrings extends the hip and bends the knee for running, walking, jumping, and kicking

3) The adductors bring the legs together for stabilization and balance.

4) the abductors move the legs apart in order to move the legs and have lateral movement. In order to evade danger.

hormones are released from what to do what?

Relesaed from pituitary gland and help with growth, developmental changes, reproduction , and homeostasis

The hypothalamus releases hormones throught the?

front and back lobes of the pituitary gland

Since hormones are being secreted from the front and back of the pituitary gland explain how each side performs diffrently.

The anterior or front of the pituitary lobe performs it gets a command from the hypothalamus that then tell vessels to go to endocrine cells in order to release the hormones. The posterior lobe is told by the hypothalamus to immediately make hormones so it a direct pathway.

Baroreceptors sense what?

Changes in pressure

What are baroreceptors?

Sense changes in pressure by being in blood vessels and can feel when the pressure changes /goes up and down in order to tell the brain to do it’s job and keep it balanced. (More blood flow causes the arteries to stretch) (Ex: Rick or Linda)

How can heart rate be increased or decreased?

2 nerves from the medulla of the brain cause impulses in order to increase/decrease blood pressure

The medulla can regulate?

Heart rate and stroke volume

Explain what is stroke volume

Stroke volume is the amount of blood that leaves the ventricle.

There is a stronger stroke volume when?

When there is a stronger contraction of blood leaving the ventricle

What is the result of heart rate and stroke volume?

Cardiac output

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart

What controls the rate of ventilation?

The respiratory center of the medulla oblongata

What are chemoreceptors?

Like baroreceptors they are sensors in the body but they detect when there is a change in levels of chemicals such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. This is needed in order to tell the brain to keep everything balanced (homeostasis).

Chemoreceptors are sensitive to?

Changes in blood pH

What are the stages of digestion?

Ingestion is taking the food into your body, digestion is breaking down the food, absorption is moving food into cells, assimilation is making food part of cell, and elimination is removing unused food (I dig abs ass everyday)

In the stages of digestion what is under voluntary control?

ingestion and elimination

The enteric nervous system is voluntary or involuntary?

involuntary

What is sometimes called a second brain because it has over 500 million neurons?

The enteric nervous system

What is the largest direct connection between the brain and gut?

the vagus nerve

What explain’s ones “gut feeling”

There is a connection between the brain and gut called the vagus nerve

What may explain autism, Parkinson’s and other neurological diseases?

Connections between your microbiome (gut) and brain (Vagus nerve). The bacteria in our gut can severe those connections and affect the brain.

Explain how food moves along the gut

There are circular and longitudinal muscles in the gut that squeeze and push the food along and use enzymes to break the food down.

Explain the antagonistic aspects of the gut muscles.

The ball of food that is mixed with spit is called a “bolus”. The circular muscles contract while the longitudinal muscles relax then they switch while the bolus goes down the gut. The lumen dilates so that the food/bolus can enter.

What is peristalsis?

The wave-like movements in the gut by circular and longitudinal muscles that push food through the digestive system.

What is tropism?

How plants moves towards or away from something due to an outside stimulus

What is geotropism?

Geotropism is how plants react to gravity by growing upwards and having roots that are smaller and grow downwards. This is due to hormones in plants called auxins that make one side of the plant grow faster.