Chapter 22: Evolution

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18 Terms

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Evolution

Heritable change in one or more characteristics of population or species from one generation to next

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Microevolution

Changes in single gene in population over time

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Macroevolution

Formation of new species or groups of species

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Species

Group of related organisms that share distinctive form

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History of theory of evolution

Mid to late 1600's
*John Ray studies natural world
*George Buffon forms change over time
*Jean-Baptiste Lamarck some animals remain same while others changed
*Living this evolved upward toward human "perfection"
*inheritance of acquired characteristics (Giraffe necks)

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Geology & population growth

Uniform action hypothesis
*slow geological processes lead to substantial change
*earth much older than 6000 years
*Thomas Malthus only fraction of any population will survive & reproduce

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Charles Darwin

Ideas influenced by own observations
*studied Galapagos Island Finches
*formulated theory of evolution by mid 1840's
*On the Origin of Species published 1859 (ideas + observational support)

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Descent with modification

Variation with given species
*traits heritable
Natural selection
*more offspring produced that can survive
*competition for limited resources
*individual with better traits

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Selective breeding (artificial selection)

Darwin influenced by pigeon selection
*nature chooses parents in natural selection while breeders choose artificial
*possible by genetic variation
*breeders choose desirable phenotypes (visible features)

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Biogeography

Study of geographical distribution of extinct & modern species
Endemic: naturally found only in particular location isolated continents & island groups have evolved their own distinct plane & animal communities

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Evolution of major animal groups

Correlated with unknown changes in distribution of land masses on earth
-first mammals 200 million years ago years ago when Australia was still connected
-placental mammals 80 million years ago years after Australia separated

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Convergent evolution

Two different species from different lineages show similar characteristics because they occupy similar environments

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Fishapod (Tiktoak roseae)

Illuminates steps leading to evolution of tetrapods
Transitional form provides link between earlier & latere forms
-peak above water & search for prey

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Whales from terrestrial mammals

Fossils span 50 million years years
Lack hind limbs
Whales, dolphins, porpoises (Hippo to whale)

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Homology

Fundamental similarity due to descent from common ancestor (anatomical, developmental, molecular)

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Anatomical homology

Same set of bones/limbs of modern vertebrates undergone evolutionary change
Homologous: derived from common ancestor
Vestigial: no apparent function but resemble structures of presumed ancestors

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Developmental homology

Species that differ as adults often bear striking similarities during embryonic stages
-gill ridges in human embryos indicate that humans evolved from acoustic animal with gil slits

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Molecular homology

Same type of gene often found in diverse organisms,such as
Ex. p53 gene encodes p53 protein
-sequences of closely related species tend to be more similar to each other than to distantly related species