Uiowa Human Anatomy Exam 5

Upper and lower respiratory parts

respiratory system is anatomically divided into

Conducting and respiratory portions

respiratory system is functionally divided into

Respiratory system functions

- pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

- gas exchange between atmosphere and blood

- gas conditioning (warm, humidify, and cleanse air)

- sound production (larynx is crucial for speech and hearing)

- olfaction

- defense (against airborne pathogens)

Upper respiratory tract lies

within the conducting portion of respiratory system

Upper respiratory tract includes

1. nose and nasal cavities

2. paranasal sinuses

3. pharynx

Nose

is the main conducting air pathway for inhaled air

Paired nasal bones

form the bridge of the nose

Nares

external openings of the nose (nostrils)

Nasal cavity

entire internal space of the nose, in both L and R sides

Structures of the nasal cavity

nasal septum and vestibule

Nasal septum

bony wall that separates L and R sides

Vestibule

region just inside the entrance (nose)

Superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae

the _________________________________ form the lateral walls for each cavity in the nose.

Nares, vestibule, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi,..., bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli (gas exchange)

Air pathway (17)

Sinuses

air spaces that make the bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones in which they reside

Paranasal sinuses

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

Pharynx

commonly called the throat, much of this structure is shared by respiratory and digestive tracts. lined by mucosa and has skeletal muscle for control of swallowing.

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

3 parts of the pharynx

Nasopharynx

posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate

Auditory tubes

within the nasopharynx, the opening of ________ are found in the lateral walls

Adenoids

posterior nasopharynx houses a single pharyngeal tonsil known as

Oropharynx

bounded superiorly by soft palate, inferiorly by hyoid bone, shared passage between respiratory and digestive systems

Palatine tonsils

embedded in lateral walls between the arches

Lingual tonsils

are at the base of the tongue

Laryngopharynx

starts inferior to hyoid bone and extends to top of the esophagus, shared passage between respiratory and digestive systems.

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

conducting portions of the lower respiratory tract, no gas exchange

Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, and alveoli

respiratory portions of the lower respiratory tract, site of gas exchange

Larynx

commonly called the voice box, connects pharynx to trachea

Epiglottis

spoon-shaped cartilage projecting superiorly into the pharynx, prevents food from getting into the respiratory tract

close; open

Swallowing causes the epiglottis to _________ and the larynx to _______.

Functions of the larynx

- passageway for air

- prevents ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract

- produces sound for speech

- participates in sneeze, cough reflexes

Thyroid and cricoid

2 types of cartilage in larynx

Thyroid cartilage

largest cartilage

Laryngeal prominence

Adam's apple, anterior peak of thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

inferior cartilage in the larynx

Rima glottidis

space between vocal folds

Glottis

consists of vocal folds (true vocal cords) plus rima glottidis

Vocal range

lowest sound to the highest sound, depends on length of vocal cords

Pitch

high/low sound, depends on tension of vocal folds

Loudness

depends on the force of air passing through vocal folds, volume

Trachea

commonly referred as the windpipe, anterior to esophagus, inferior to larynx, superior to main bronchi. anteriorly supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings

Bronchial tree

trachea splits into right and left main (primary) bronchi, continued splitting leads to progressively smaller tubes that eventually are less than 1 mm diameter: broncioles

Do not

bronchial walls ____________ contain cartilage but have a relatively thick later of smooth muscle. controls bronchoconstriction, bronchodialation

Terminal bronchioles

final segment of conducting pathway consists of

Alveoli

site of gas diffuse between pulmonary and capillary blood, air in the lungs

2

___ types of cells form the alveolar wall

Alveolar type I cells

simple squamous epithelial, rapid gas diffusion

Alveolar type II cells

almost cuboidal in shape and produce pulmonary surfactant, which decreases surface tension within the alveolus and prevents the collapse of alveoli

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

in premature babies the surfactant-producing cells are underdeveloped which can cause alveoli to collapse, leading cause of death of premature babies in the US

Respiratory membrane

the thin wall between alveolar lumen and the blood across which gases diffuse

- plasma membrane of the type I alveolar cell

- plasma membrane of the capillary cell

Visceral pleura

directly adhered to lungs

Parietal pleura

superficial later (lungs)

Pleural cavity

space in between visceral and parietal pleura, contains pleural fluid

Lung base

bottom of the lungs

Lung apex

top of lung

Costal surface

front, side, back of lung

Mediastinal surface

contains the hilum (region that contains root of lung), bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter at hilum

Left lung

slightly smaller than the right lung to accommodate the heart, contains cardiac notch, oblique fissure divides the lung into two lobes: superior, inferior lobes

Right lung

bigger lung, oblique and horizontal fissures that divide it into three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior

Bronchopulmonary segments

The right lung has 10, the left lung has 8-10. Each segment supplied its own tertiary bronchus and a branch of a pulmonary artery and vein, each segment is surrounded by and isolated from other segments by connective tissue

Pulmonary ventilation

(breathing), movement of air into and out of the respiratory system structures

Pulmonary ventilation, alveolar gas exchange, gas transport within the blood, systemic gas exchange (between blood and body cells)

gas exchange involves 4 simultaneous processes

External respiration

exchanges gases between atmosphere and blood

Internal respiration

exchanges gases between blood and body's cells

Boyle's law

volume and pressure are inversely related

Inhalation

thoracic cavity volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, air flows into lungs

Exhalation

thoracic cavity volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure increases, air flows out of lungs

Vertical changes of thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation

result from diaphragm movement

Lateral changes of thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation

result from the rib cage elevation or depression

Anterior-posterior changes of thoracic cavity during inhalation and exhalation

occur as the sternum moves anteriorly or posteriorly

Quiet breathing

inhalation and exhalation, respectively

- diaphragm and external intercostals

Forced inhalation

allows deeper inspirations by increasing thoracic cavity expansion when they contract

- sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor, serratus posterior superior, erector spinae

Forced exhalation

contract during hard exhalations (ie. coughs) and work to decrease thoracic volume

- internal intercostals, abdominal muscles, transversus thoracis, and serratus posterior inferior

Eupenia

normal resting breathing

Costal breathing

more shallow

Diaphragmic breathing

more deep engage diaphragm

Hyperapnea

forced breathing

Tidal volume (TL)

volume of air moved in and out with each resting breath

Vital capacity (VC)

total volume of air moved in and out of lungs with each forced breath (as much as you can)

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air that can be inhaled beyond a tidal normal inspiration

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

volume of air that can be exhaled beyond a tidal expiration

Residual volume (RV)

volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximal expiration

Total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume

Tobacco smoke irritates epithelial cells and destroys macrophages

- toxins reach alveoli

- frequent coughing is attempt to clean itself

Common cold

- caused by a virus that enters the cells of the URT

- more than 150 viruses

- spreads by mucous droplets containing the virus

Pneumonia

- can be bacterial or viral

- fluid builds up in the alveoli

- can cause death

Bronchitis

- viral or bacterial

- acute: usually bacterial, responds to antibiotics

- symptoms: heavy mucous discharge, persistent cough

- chronic: caused by infection or the environment

Asthma

- compromised airflow during attacks due to inflammation, mucous secretion, and bronchoconstriction

- symptoms: wheezing, SOB

- causes: exercise, allergens (hyper-responsiveness)

- treatment: inhalers (bronchodialators and or steroid)

Emphysema

a disease characterized by the alveoli becoming brittle and eventually rupturing, caused by smoking or exposure to smoke

Pulmonary fibrosis

"coal miner's lung"

- environmental particles (contaminants) are inhaled

- causes: asbestos, silica, coal dust

- causes cells in the lungs to form fibrous CT, making the lungs less elastic and therefore less efficient

GI tract

a continuous tube including:

-Oral cavity

-Pharynx

-Esophagus

-Stomach

-Small intestine

-Large intestine

-Anal canal

Accessory digestive organs

connected to GI tract but not part of it

-Teeth and tongue

-Salivary glands

-Liver

-Gallbladder

-Pancreas

Digestive system functions

- ingestion

- motility (peristalsis) by SM

- secretion by saliva

- digestion (mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

- absorption of nutrients in small intestine

- elimination of wastes

4 tunics (layers)

GI tract is composed of ___ _________.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

4 tunics of GI tract from deep to superficial

Mucosa

deepest/1st layer of GI tract, contacts with the lumen

Submucosa

2nd layer of GI tract

Muscularis

3rd layer of GI tract, smooth muscle

Serosa

outermost layer of GI tract

Oral cavity regions

vestibule and oral cavity proper