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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established the principle of judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Affirmed the implied powers of Congress, allowing the federal government to enact laws necessary and proper to execute its enumerated powers.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Established the 'clear and present danger' test, limiting free speech during wartime if it poses a threat to public safety.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Declared state-sponsored segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Guaranteed the right to legal counsel for indigent defendants in criminal cases.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Required law enforcement to inform suspects of their constitutional rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, before interrogation.

Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)

Affirmed students' right to free speech in schools, as long as it does not disrupt the educational environment.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

Established a woman's constitutional right to abortion, based on the right to privacy.

United States v. Nixon (1974)

Limited executive privilege, requiring President Nixon to release tapes and documents related to the

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)

Addressed affirmative action, ruling that while race could be a factor in college admissions, quotas were unconstitutional.

Texas v. Johnson (1989)

Determined that burning the U.S. flag is a protected form of symbolic speech under the First Amendment.

Reynolds v. Sims (1964)

Ruled that legislative districts must be roughly equal in population, establishing the 'one person, one vote' principle.