Biology Chapters 6, 7, and 8 Lecture Review

Vocab-style flashcards covering metabolism, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis concepts from chapters 6, 7, and 8.

Kilocalories

The unit of measurement for energy.

Citric acid cycle products

The final products produced are $CO_2$, ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$.

Endergonic reaction

A reaction where energy is required, such as when ADP is converted to ATP or when phosphate is added to a glucose molecule.

Catalyst

Anything that affects the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Enzyme regulation

The three ways the body regulates activity include temperature, pH, and inhibitors or activators.

Oxygen

The element on the periodic table to which hydrogens in glucose are transferred in a series of steps during respiration.

NADH and FADH

Molecules that are the products of reduction reactions.

Glycolysis

A process occurring in the cytosol where a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted into two three-carbon molecules of pyruvate.

Pyruvate

A three-carbon molecule; two of these must be shuttled across the mitochondrial membrane to begin acetyl CoA formation.

Lipids

The organic molecule category that produces the most energy compared to proteins or carbohydrates.

Fermentation

A process that produces lactate (in animals) or alcohol and $CO_2$ (in yeast and plants) in the absence of oxygen.

Stroma

The fluid-filled area of the chloroplast.

Photosynthesis categories

The two stages consisting of light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (carbon fixing).

Water ($H_2O$)

The compound that provides plants with a constant supply of electrons for photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration Locations

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol; Acetyl CoA formation, the Krebs Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain occur in the mitochondria.

Oxidized

The state of carbons in glucose after being completely converted into carbon dioxide during aerobic respiration.

Denatured enzyme

An enzyme that has lost its shape and can no longer function, typically due to extreme temperature or pH changes.

Photons

Particles of light that behave as both waves and particles.

Thylakoid membranes

The specific site within the chloroplast where light-dependent reactions occur.

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

The two general trophic groups into which all living organisms are classified.

Anabolic processes

Metabolic activities that are endergonic, involve reduction, build up molecules, form bonds, and require energy (e.g., photosynthesis).

Catabolic processes

Metabolic activities that are exergonic, involve oxidation, break down molecules, break bonds, and release energy (e.g., cellular respiration).