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Electronegativity
A measure of an atom’s ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond.
Polarity
A condition in a bond where shared electrons are unequally distributed due to differing electronegativities.
Polar bond
A bond formed between two atoms with different electronegativities, resulting in partial charges.
Nonpolar bond
A bond where the electronegativity difference between the atoms is very small or zero.
Hydrogen Bonding
The strongest intermolecular force occurring when H is bonded to F, O, or N.
Dipole-Dipole Forces
Intermolecular forces that occur between polar molecules.
London Dispersion Forces (LDF)
The weakest intermolecular forces present in all molecules, dominant in nonpolar molecules.
Solubility
The tendency of a substance to dissolve, which is influenced by polarity (like dissolves like).
Surface Tension
A property of liquids that is higher in polar substances due to strong cohesive forces.
Capillary Action
The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces against gravity, largely due to adhesion and cohesion in polar liquids.
Ionic Bonding
Strong electrostatic forces between ions in ionic compounds.
Covalent Bonding
A type of bonding where atoms share pairs of electrons; can be polar or nonpolar.
Viscosity
A measure of a fluid's resistance to flow, which is higher in substances with strong intermolecular forces.
Volatility
The tendency of a substance to vaporize; low in substances with strong intermolecular forces.
Hydrogen Bond
A strong attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to F, O, or N and another F, O, or N atom with a lone pair.
Melting/Boiling Points
Physical properties influenced by the strength of intermolecular forces; stronger IMFs lead to higher melting/boiling points.
“Like dissolves like”
A principle stating that polar substances dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
Example of Polarity: H₂O
Water is a polar molecule with a partial positive charge on hydrogen and a partial negative charge on oxygen.
Boiling Point Ranking
In terms of boiling points: CH₄ (LDF) < NH₃ (Hydrogen Bonding) < H₂O (Stronger Hydrogen Bonding).
Example of Solubility: NaCl in Water
Sodium chloride (NaCl) dissolves in water due to polarity, as water is a polar solvent.
