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Learning
lasting changes in thinking/ behavior as a result of experience
Classical Conditioning
involves stimulus-response connections
(learning by association)
Pavlov
discovered food wasn’t always necessary to make dogs salivate
Unconditional Stimulus
is a stimulus that causes a response that is automatic and NOT Learned
Why the UCR happened
Unconditional response
is the response to the unconditional stimulus
(automatic response to a stimulus)
Example: Salivation in response to meat.
didn’t have to learn how to do
Conditional Stimulus
a learned stimulus.
Example: the bell after association with food
reacting to
Conditional Response
is a response to the conditional stimulus.
Example: the dogs’ salivation in response to the bell
what they do now
Neutral Stimulus
does not cause a response.
Example: the bell before association with the food
Taste Aversion
a learned avoidance of a particular food
Generalize
a response in the same way to similar stimuli
Discrimination
varied responses based on distinguishing differences in stimuli
Extinction
occurs when CS is presented for an extended period without UCS
Spontaneous Recovery
displaying responses extinguished earlier
Applications/ uses
flooding, systematic desensitization, and counterconditioning used to change behaviors
Flooding
many exposures
(A woman with OCD was forced to hold dirt, dust, and other gross things in her hands, to reach peak anxiety)
Systematic Desensitization
baby steps
(taking a 1-hour flight then progressing to a 2-hour flight)
Counter-conditioning
pair with pleasant stimuli
(associating a fear with a positive experience)
Operant Conditioning - learning as a result of consequences, good or bad, response heightened stimulus, Casinos use this a lot
learning as a result of consequences
good or bad consequences
response heightened stimulus
Casinos use this a lot
The Law of Effect
responses followed by rewards are strengthened and weakened when not
Edward Thorndike
Edward Thorndike
believed if you are rewarded it’s that action is stamped in your brain
worked with cats
cat puzzle boxes
Positive Reinforcement
pleasant stimulus that increases the probability of response
Primary Reinforcers
The subject doesn’t have to be taught the value of the reward
EX food and water
Secondary Reinforces
The subject has to learn the value of the reward
EX money
Negative Reinforcements
adverse stimuli that increase the frequency of the behavior that follows when they are removed
EX seat belt alarm
Reinforcement Schedules
Fixed and Variable Interval (time)
Fixed and Variable Ratio (responses)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
An exact amount of time passes between each reinforcement
EX. studying for a weekly quiz
getting your paycheck every two weeks
Variable-Interval Schedule
A varying amount of time passes between each reinforcement
EX checking your email
winning a video game
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses
EX losing your driver's license after 5 violations
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses
EX playing the lottery
the number of shots to score a goal in a soccer game
Shaping
reinforce responses as desired behavior is gradually achieved
Chaining
combining a series of learned behaviors
Punishment
an unpleasant stimulus that decreases a certain response
EX A parent tells you to put your nose in the corner
Applications/Uses for Punishment
school behavior
raising children
correctional facilities
Social Learning
learning by imitating/observing or modeling others
Albert Bandura
Albert Bandura
Bobo Dolls, used to demonstrate imitating behavior
EXAMPLE QUESTION: When they were going together, a guy and his former girlfriend had a favorite record album which they frequently listened to together. Although they broke up over a year ago, whenever he hears a song from the album, a wave of bittersweet sadness comes over him.
UCR - emotion
UCS - girlfriend/breakup
NS-Album
CS- Album
CR- bittersweet sadness
HINT: look for the UCR first then the UCS next and the NS always becomes the CS
EXAMPLE QUESTION: A young child who reaches out to pet a barking dog is bitten by the dog and cries. Every time she hears a barking dog, she whimpers.
UCR- cries
UCS- dog bite
NS- Barking dog
CS- sour pickles
CR- whimper
HINT: look for the UCR first then the UCS next and the NS always becomes the CS
Latent Learning
learning that remains hidden till needed
EX Tolman’s cognitive maps
Tolman
Trained some rats to run through mazes to reach food and other rats to explore mazes without food to prove that even though they had knowledge of the most rapid routes all along this knowledge was hidden until they had a reason to use it
Behavior Modification
altering activities through various learning principles;
Ex Computer
token economy (Incentive plan)
self-control
Premark Principle (making a deal with yourself)
Learned Helplessness
can cause depression, the dog, and the electric shock experiment. Seligman
Observational Learning
acquiring knowledge and skills by observing and imitating others
Skinner
trained pigeons and rats using positive reinforcement
