Chapter 3: Skeletal system

Left off at page 62 "The bones of the skull"

Oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o

Bone

Myle/o

Bone marrow/spinal cord

Chondr/o, chondr/i

Cartilage

Red bone marrow (____).

Forms red blood cells.

Arthr/o

Joints

Ligament/o

Ligament

Synovi/o, synov/o

Synovial membrane/synovial fluid

Burs/o

Bursa (fluid filled sac)

Cost/o

Rib

Crani/o

Skull

-desis

To bind, tie together, surgical fixation

Ankyl/o

Crooked, bent, stiff

Kyph/o

Bent forward, humpback, hump

Lord/o

Bent backward, curve, swayback

Lumb/o

Lumbar, lower back

Scoli/o

Crooked, curved sideways, bent

Spondyl/o

Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

Vertebr/o

Vertebrae, backbone

The root (spondyl/o, vertebr/o ) is typically used to describe pathologies, conditions and diseases. Has Greek roots.

Spondyl/o

The root ( spondyl/o, vertebr/o ) is typically used to describe anatomical descriptions and directions. Has Latin roots.

Vertebr/o

Acetabulum

Hip socket

Acetabul/o

Acetabulum (hip socket)

Allogenic

Originating with another (same species)

Ankylosing spondylitis

Type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.

Arthrodesis

Surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint.

Autologus

Originating from oneself

Avascular necrosis

Area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow.

Bone marrow transplant

Stem cell transplant used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas.

Callus (pertaining to skeletal system)

Bulging deposit that forms around the area of the break in a bone

Chondromalacia

Abnormal softening of cartilage.

Comminuted fracture

Fracture in which the bone is splintered or crushed.

Compression fracture

Fracture in which the bone is pressed together on itself.

Open fracture

Fracture in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin.

Osteoporotic hip fracture

Fracture of a hip weakened by osteoporosis that can occur spontaneously or as the result of a fall.

Pathological fracture

Fracture that occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain.

Spiral fracture

Fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart.

Costochondritis

Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum.

Crepitation

Grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together.

Duel x-ray absorptiometry

Low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density.

Absorp/o

To suck/ swallow in

Fat embolus

Release of fat cells from yellow bone marrow into the bloodstream when a long bone is fractured.

Gout

Type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints.

Hallux valgus

Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe.

Hemathrosis

Blood within a joint.

Hematopoietic

Pertaining to the formation of new blood cells.

Internal fixation

Fracture treatment in which pins or a plate are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Autoimmune disorder affecting children aged 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue.

Kyphosis

Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side.

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Lordosis

Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine.

Lumbago

General term for pain in the lumbar region of the spine.

Laminectomy

Surgical removal of the lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra.

Synovectomy

Surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint, usually the knee.

Malleous

Rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint.

Metatarsals

Form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached.

Metacarpals

The five bones that form the palms of the hand.

Manubrium

Bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum.

Multiple myeloma

Type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells of the red bone marrow.

Orthopedic surgeon (orthopedist)

Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles.

Orthotic

Mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to support, control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.

Osteitis

Inflammation of a bone.

Osteoarthritis

Type of arthritis most commonly associated with aging.

Osteochondroma

Benign bony projection covered with cartilage.

Osteomalacia

Abnormal softening of bone in adults.

Osteomyelitis

Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone.

Osteopenia

Thinner than average bone density.

Osteoporosis

Marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging.

Paget’s disease

Chronic bone disease of unknown cause, characterized by abnormal breakdown of bone tissue followed by abnormal bone formation.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty

Treatment of osteoporosis-related compression fractures by injecting bone cement to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column.

Podiatrist

Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot.

Polymyalgia rheumatica

Inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs.

Prosthesis

Substitute for a diseased or missing body part.

Radiculopathy

Condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine; also called a pinched nerve.

Rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.

Rickets

Deficiency disease occurring in children involving defective bone growth due to vitamin D deficiency.

Spina bifida

Congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy in which the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it.

Spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spaces within the spine, potentially putting pressure on the nerves and spinal cord that may cause pain.

Spondylolisthesis

Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra below it.

Spondylosis

Degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function.

Subluxation

Partial displacement of a bone from its joint.

Vertebrae

Bony structural units of the spinal column.

( Red bone marrow / Yellow bone marrow ) is located in spongy bone and responsible for the formation of red blood cells.

Red bone marrow

Ossification

The process of bone formation.

Osteoclast

Breaks down old/damaged bones

Osteoblast

Builds new bone by laying down bone tissue.

Bone is the (_____) hardest connective tissue in the body.

Second

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone.

Compact bone (cortical bone)

Dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.

Spongey bone (cancellous bone)

Lighter and weaker porous bone that contains red blood marrow.

Peri-

Surrounding, near, around

Medullary cavity

Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored.

Medullary

Pertaining to the inner section

Endosteum

Tissue that lines the medullary cavity.

-poietic

Pertaining to formation, production or making

Cartilage

Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.

Articular cartilage

Covers the surfaces of bones where they come together, to form joints. Protects the bones from rubbing against each other.

Meniscus

Curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Epiphyses

Wider ends of long bones, covered with articular cartilage for protection.

The (Proximal epiphysis / Distal epiphysis ) is the end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body.

Proximal epiphysis