Module 6-8 final exam psychological statistics

Ztest

is a **statistical procedure** used to test an alternate hypothesis against the null hypothesis. N > 30

Ttest

it is a type of **inferential statistic** used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups, which may be related in certain features. N < 30

Student’s distribution

The T distribution is also known as the \______ since it was developed by Gosset in 1908 under the name Student.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

is an **analysis tool** used in statistics that splits an
observed aggregate variability found inside a data set into two parts: systematic factors and
random factors. is used to test the significant difference between the mean of 3 or more sets
of data simultaneously.

One way ANOVA

\
it is used for **three or more groups of data,** to gain information about the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. It is developed by fisher. **The search stops when we accept the null hypothesis**; however if we reject the null, then the search continues. 

Z-test for comparing two samples (population standard deviation is given)

What formula is this

Z-test for comparing two samples (sample standard deviation is given)

What formula is this

Z-test for comparing hypothesized and sample mean

What formula is this

T-test for Comparing Hypothesized and Sample Means

What formula is this

T-test for Comparing Two Independent Sample Means

What formula is this

T-test for Dependent or Correlated Samples

What formula is this

Independent Samples

are samples drawn from entirely different population

Dependent Samples

\
are drawn from the same population or the same set of samples subjected to different experimental conditions

Correlation Analysis

is the method used to measure the strength of the relationship between two or more variables.

Correlation

is the relationship of one variable to another variable.

coefficient of correlation

The number that expresses the degree of relationship between the variables is called its value ranges to -1 to 1

Positive Correlation

indicates that a higher degree in one variable is associated with a higher degree in another variable. (Direct Correlation)

Negative Correlation

indicates that a higher degree in one variable is associated with a lower degree in another variable. (Inverse Correlation)

Zero Correlation

means that no relationship exists between the variables
High Correlation

Moderately high correlation

What is the Indication of 0.6 to 0.79 correlation coefficient value

Moderate Correlation

What is the Indication of 0.4 to 0.59 correlation coefficient value

Low Correlation

What is the Indication between of 0.2 to 0.39 correlation coefficient value

Negligible Correlation

What is the Indication between of 0.1 to 0.19 correlation coefficient value

Pearson product moment correlation coefficient

the formula that is most appropriate when the data are in interval or ratio scale

Spearman rank order correlation coefficient

the formula is used to rank the two variables to determine the strength of relationship between two variables. It is used when the data is ordinal

Regression Analysis

deals with the estimation of one variable based on the change or movement of the other variable

Regression

is the way of estimating the value of dependent variable from the known value/values of the independent variable/variables

Simplest regression

it involves two variable, one dependent variable and one independent variable

Linear regression

it can involve one dependent variable and more than independent variables

Hypothesis testing

is the process of making an inference or generalization on a population based on the result of the study on samples.

One tailed test

test: It is a directional test with the region of rejection lying on either left or right tail of the normal curve.

Left directional test

The region of rejection is on the left tail. It is used when the alternative hypothesis uses comparatives such as less than, smaller than, lower than, inferior to, below, etc.

Right directional test

The region of rejection is on the right tail. It is used when the alternative
hypothesis uses comparatives such as greater than, higher than, better than, superior to, exceeds, etc.

Two tailed test

It is a nondirectional test with the region of rejection lying on both tails of the normal curve. It is used when the alternative hypothesis uses words such as not equal to, significantly different, etc.

It to rule out chance as a plausible explanation

the general good of a hypothesis test

Hypothesis test

is used to evaluate the results from a research study which A sample is selected from the population, The treatment is administered to the sample, After treatment, the individuals in the sample are measured.

Statistical hypothesis

it is a guess or prediction made by the researcher regarding the possible outcome of the study. (yung ho at ha)

Null hypothesis HO

It is the hypothesis to be tested which one hopes to reject. It shows equality or no significant difference or relationship between variables. It always express equality \=

Alternative hypothesis HA

It generally represents the idea which the researcher wants to prove. It always express < \>

Type 1 error

it is committed when the null hypothesis is rejected when in fact it is true the
the alternative hypothesis is false.

Type 2 error

it is committed when the null hypothesis is accepted when in fact it is false
and alternative hypothesis is true

Level of significance

is the degree of error that can be allowed for a particular study. It
is denoted by the Greek letter α (alpha).

Parametric test

are tests that involve numerical data and are based on assumptions about the parameters of the population from which the sample is drawn. usually applied when the sample is randomly drawn or normality can be assumed. Condition of homogeneity, or having common variance, is necessary when more than one population are used. Eg: SPEARMAN RHO, Z

Non parametric test

are tests that do not involve assumptions about population parameters or about the form of the distribution. It can be applied when data are not numerical and that measurements are nominal or ordinal. Eg: PEARSON R