CBIO 2210L Practical 1 - UGA FA22

Hypothalamus

brain region controlling the pituitary gland

Pituitary Gland

master endocrine gland

Anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

makes up 75% of the weight of the pituitary gland and secretes 7 hormones

Basophils

Acidophils

Posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

made of neural tissue and releases two hormones made by the hypothalamus

Infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Hypophyseal portal system

a blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

Thyroid Gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Thyroid Gland Follicle

Colloid

Follicular cells

Parathyroid Glands

small pea-like organs that regulate calcium and phosphate balance in blood, bones, and other tissues

Chief cells

Adrenal Glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood and produces insulin

Islet of Langerhans

Ovaries

female gonads

Ovaries Cortex

Ovaries Medulla

Oocyte

immature egg

Testes

male gonads

Seminiferous tubule

where sperm is produced

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

released by the hypothalamus and Promotes secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

released by the hypothalamus and Promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

released by the hypothalamus and Promotes secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

released by the hypothalamus and Promotes secretion of growth hormone (GH)

Somatostatin (GHIH)

released by the hypothalamus and Inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH)

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)

released by the hypothalamus and inhibits secretion of prolactin (PRL)

Oxytocin

produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, targets uterus and mmaray glands for uterine contraction and milk ejection

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, targets kidneys for water reabsorption

Growth hormone (GH)

released by anterior pituitary targets most body tissues for growth of tissues

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

released by anterior pituitary, targets the thyroid gland for thyroid hormone production and release

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

released by anterior pituitary, targets the adrenal cortex for glucocorticoid production and release

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

released by anterior pituitary, targets the gonads

-Female: Growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion

-Male: Sperm production

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

released by anterior pituitary, targets the gonads

-Female: Ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum

-Male: Testosterone secretion

Prolactin

released by anterior pituitary, targets the mammary glands for milk production

Glucagon

Released by pancreas alpha cells, targets body cells and causes the release of glucose and which increases blood glucose levels

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Released by posterior thyroid gland, targets osteoclasts and control calcium levels in your blood

Cortisol

Released by adrenal glands, targets adipose tissue and breakdown protein and fats and helps the body react to stress

Testosterone

Released by testes, targets anterior pituitary, testes, and sex organs and promotes male sex drive, body hair, and deep voice

Aldosterone

Released by adrenal cortex, targets the kidneys regulates salt and potassium balance

Estrogens

Released by ovaries, targets the uterus, breast, ovary and promotes development of female reproductive system, regulation of menstrual cycle, development of breast tissue

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

Released by thyroid gland, targets many cells in the body and regulates increasing heart rate, increasing protein synthesis, and increasing overall metabolic rate

Insulin

Releases by Pancreas beta cells, targets most tissues throughout the body and responsible for Increasing removal of glucose from blood

Epinephrine

Released by chromaffin cells of the adrenal gland, targets liver and skeletal muscle cells and signals to convert glycogen into glucose

Norepinephrine

Released by the adrenal medulla and increases heart rate and blood pressure

Progesterone

Secreted by the ovaries; prepares the uterus for pregnancy

Inhibin

Secreted by ovaries and Inhibits secretion of FSH and LH

Apex of Heart

Base of heart

Right auricle

Left auricle

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Left atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Right ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the body

Pulmonary trunk

carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries

Superior vena cava

receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart

Inferior vena cava

carries blood from lower regions of the body to right atrium

Aorta

Largest artery in the body

Right pulmonary veins

bring oxygen-rich blood from the right lung to the left atrium

Left pulmonary veins

bring oxygen-rich blood from the left lung to the left atrium

Right pulmonary artery

takes oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to the right lung

Left pulmonary artery

carries poor oxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the left lung.

Coronary sulcus

groove that marks border between atria and ventricles

Anterior interventricular sulcus

marks the boundary between the ventricles anteriorly

Posterior interventricular sulcus

marks the boundary between the ventricles posteriorly

Aortic valve

heart valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

Pulmonary valve

valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

Left AV (mitral) valve

valve between left atria and ventricle

Right AV (tricuspid) valve

Valve between right atrium and right ventricle

Interventricular septum

partition between the right and left ventricles

Interatrial septum

partition between the right and left atria

Chordae tendineae

thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting

Papillary muscle

Small bunches of cardiac muscle responsible for pulling the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid & mitral) closed by means of the chordae tendinae.

Trabeculae carneae

muscular ridges on the internal surface of the ventricles

Left coronary artery (LCA)

travels through the coronary sulcus under the left auricle and divides into two branches

Circumflex artery

Supplies blood to the left atrium and posterior walls of the left ventricle

Anterior interventricular artery

supplies blood to the interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

Right coronary artery

supplies right atrium and most of right ventricle

Marginal artery

supplies the right border of the heart

Posterior interventricular artery

runs to the heart apex and supplies the posterior ventricular walls

Great cardiac vein

runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery

Middle cardiac vein

runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery

Small cardiac vein

Vein that travels along side the right marginal artery.

Posterior interventricular vein

drains blood from the posterior surface of the heart

Coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

Epicardium

outer layer of the heart

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Endocardium

Inner layer of the heart

Tunica intima

the innermost layer of a blood vessel

Tunica media

middle layer of blood vessel; made up of smooth muscle fibers and thick layer of elastic connective tissue

Tunica externa

outer layer of a blood vessel which connects it to surrounding tissues

Elastic artery

a large diameter, thin-walled artery that functions in conducting blood from the heart to muscular arteries during ventricular relaxation (diastole); also called conducting artery