Tissues and Integumentary Test Corrections #2

Tissues are collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a function

Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a function are…

Bone is not a tissue type

What is not considered a tissue type?

Fat or adipose tissue make up the hypodermis 

The hypodermis is the deepest layer of skin. In fact, many don’t even consider it a part of skin, but instead it acts as an anchoring point for the layers above it. What type of connective tissue makes up the hypodermis? 

The tissue with many cells surrounded by fibers and proteins would be connective tissue 

Close examination of an organ reveals a tissue with many cells surrounded by fibers and proteins. Which of the following tissue types would this be? 

Cardiac muscle is unstriated involuntary

A way of describing cardiac muscle tissue is…

The muscle tissue that shows no striations and is involuntary is smooth muscle

The muscle tissue which shows no striations and is involuntary is…

Epithelial tissue has a free surface since its avascular 

Which tissue is characterized by always having a free surface?

Nervous tissue has electrical impulses

Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is…

Being avascular, the cells get their nutrients through diffusion, therefore, they need to be in thin layers in order for nutrients to reach as many cells as possible

The reason epithelial tissue is found in thin layers is because…

Keratin is a chemical found in hair, nails or skin

What is the tough waterproof chemical that is in hair, nails or skin?

The three examples are:

1. Fibrocartilage

2. Hyaline cartilage

3. Fibrocartilage

Name three examples of connective tissue types:

Dysplasia is when cells don’t look right under a microscope

What is dysplasia?

The dermis is the layer below the epidermis and made up irregular and connective tissue

The layer below the epidermis, made mostly of dense irregular and loose connective tissue is the…

The three main layers of skin are the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis

The three main layers of skin (including the anchoring layer are…

The stratum corneum is the dead, keratinizied layer 

The dead, keratinized layer found at the exterior surface of the skin is…

The hypodermis is composed mostly of adipose tissue

The layer that is composed mostly of adipose tissue is…

Stratum basale is known as the basement membrane 

The layer of the epidermis that is also known as the basement membrane is…

1. Produced in higher amounts due to sun exposure

2. Produced by melanocytes

The pigment melanin is… Two of these for the question

Exposing your skin to ultraviolet light can result in increased production of melanin from melanocytes in the skin 

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light is..

Vitamin D

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight…

In individuals with albinism, the cell type that is NOT active is melanocytes

Albinism is a condition where the skin lacks pigment. Which cell type is NOT active in individuals with albinism?

The sebaceous glands are the glands that become overactive during puberty

The glands that become overactive during puberty and can lead to acne due to increased oil input are:

This type of perspiration is produced by apocrine glands, which are located in the armpits and groin. They become active after puberty begins

Perspiration that occurs only in the armpits and groin, and is only produced once puberty starts

Cancer is caused strictly by only environmental factors and NOT genetic ones

What is NOT a characteristic of cancer?

Cell phone radiation is not considered a carcinogen

What is NOT considered a carcinogen?

The characteristic that is NOT typical is cell undergoing apoptosis if damage occurs

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancerous cells?

p53 is a protein that triggers apoptosis, if DNA is damaged, if it is non functional, the cell will not kill itself when damaged, causing mutations to accumulate that can cause cancer

Why is it that p53 is a community mutated gene and nonfunctional protein in cancers?

Arrector pilli muscle

Goose bumps form on the surface of the skin when… muscle contraction and extend the hairs on the surface of the skin

2nd degree burn 

This type of burn is when the dermis and epidermis are damaged, resulting in blistering

3rd degree burn

The type of burn where all of the epidermis and the dermis is destroyed, and damage may go down to the hypodermis. All skin layers are destroyed…

1st degree burn

This type of burn appears inflamed and red, but has NO blisters. Only the epidermis is damaged 

Malignant is a characteristic

What is a word for a characteristic of cancer cells that means they have THE ABILITY to spread to other parts of the body?

1. Cutaneous membrane

2. Synovial membrane

3. Serous membrane

4. Mucous membrane

What are the four membranes to know?

The mucous membrane is:

• Moist

• Specializes in secretion and absorption

What are the characteristics for the mucous membrane?

The serous membrane:

• Lines internal organs 

• Serous fluid between each tissue layer 

What are the characteristics for the serous membrane?

The cutaneous membrane is a:

• Dry membrane 

• Provides protection 

What are the characteristics for the cutaneous membrane?

The synovial membrane is the:

• Only connective tissue membrane 

• Found in the joints 

What are the characteristics for the synovial membrane?

Three reasons are:

1. Destroys entire skin layer

2. Opens up infection

3. Severe water loss

List 3 reasons why a 3rd degree burn is very serious:

The two main characteristics that differentiate epithelial types are the number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and the shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Please discuss the two main characteristics that differentiate between different types of epithelium:

1. Simple cuboidal: Single layer of cube-shaped cells. Found in kidney tubules

2. Simple columnar: Single layer of tall cells. Found in lining of the stomach

Commonly found epithelium types and where they are found in or on the body:

Picture example of areolar connective tissue:

What is a picture example of areolar connective tissue?

Picture example of cardiac muscle:

What is a picture example of cardiac muscle?

Picture example of simple columnar epithelium:

What is a picture example of simple columnar epithelium?

Picture example of skin structure labeled:

What is a picture example with skin structure labeled?

Mutations in oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene disrupt the cell cycle, causing cells to divide uncontrollably and leading to cancer

Please discuss how mutations in specific types of genes can lead to cancer:

• Oncogene acts like a stuck gas pedal, promoting constant cell division

• p53 acts like a broken brake, failing to stop the cell cycle or initiate apoptosis when faced with DNA damage

• Cancer cells differ from normal cells because they divide constantly and grow without normal growth signals

How do these mutations cause cancer to have different characteristics from normal cells (discuss characteristics)?

• Oncogenes’s gas pedals and the mutated p53 genes lose their brake and repair functions

• This leads to cells that divide uncontrollably and fail to die when damaged 

You should at least have 2 different types of genes and proper descriptions of each and how failure in their normal job will lead to cancer: 

• I believe that this type of cancer is malignant melanoma. I can use Asymmetry and Color to guess this

• It is asymmetry because one half of the spot does not match the other half in shape or size 

• The color is not the same all over and includes different shades of color as well 

Please explain whether you believe this to be cancerous or not and the type of cancer if it likely is if it is cancerous.