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Thomas Hobbes
Philosopher known for his work 'Leviathan' (1651), advocating for a strong central authority to prevent chaos.
Social Contract Theory
The theory that people give up some of their rights to a government in exchange for protection and social order.
John Locke
An Enlightenment thinker who argued for natural rights and government's role as a protector of those rights.
Natural Rights
Life, liberty, and property; rights that Locke believed are inherent and cannot be taken away.
Montesquieu
Philosopher credited with the idea of separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.
Separation of Powers
The division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to prevent any one group from gaining too much power.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
An Enlightenment thinker who emphasized the importance of the general will and direct democracy.
General Will
The collective will of the citizen body, according to Rousseau's political philosophy.
Voltaire
An outspoken critic of government and religion; advocated for freedom of speech and separation of church and state.
Challenges to Enlightenment Ideas
The Enlightenment faced resistance from established institutions like the monarchy and the church.
David Hume
Philosopher known for his empiricism and skepticism, influencing modern philosophy and the social sciences.
Adam Smith
Economist and philosopher, known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations' and the concept of the invisible hand in economics.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Early advocate for women's rights and education, author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
Laissez-faire
An economic philosophy advocating minimal government intervention in markets.
Utilitarianism
Ethical theory that promotes actions that maximize happiness and well-being for the majority.
Enlightened Absolutism
A form of absolute monarchy inspired by the Enlightenment, where rulers maintained absolute power while implementing reforms.
Frederick the Great
King of Prussia known for his military successes and implementing Enlightenment reforms within his realm.
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia who expanded the empire and implemented Western-style reforms inspired by Enlightenment ideas.
The Renaissance
A cultural movement from the 14th to 17th centuries that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity, emphasizing art, literature, and humanism.
Baroque Art
An artistic style from the late 16th century to the early 18th century characterized by grandeur, drama, and movement, seen in works by artists like Caravaggio and Rembrandt.
Romanticism
An artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature.
Impressionism
A 19th-century art movement that focused on capturing light and natural forms, often using quick, loose brush strokes, exemplified by artists like Monet and Renoir.
Cubism
An early 20th-century avant-garde movement characterized by the use of geometric shapes and interlocking planes, famously developed by Picasso and Braque.
Surrealism
A 20th-century movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, with artists like Salvador Dalí leading the way.
Dadaism
An avant-garde art movement of the early 20th century that rejected logic and reason, promoting absurdity and chaos as a response to World War I.
Modernism
A broad cultural movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to break away from traditional forms of art, literature, and social organization.
Postmodernism
A late 20th-century reaction against the ideas and values of modernism, characterized by skepticism, irony, and a focus on subjective experience.
Feminist Art Movement
A movement that emerged in the late 1960s emphasizing women's rights and perspectives, challenging the male-dominated art world.
Street Art
Visual art created in public locations, often unsanctioned, including graffiti and murals, that conveys social or political messages.
Abstract Expressionism
A post-World War II art movement in American painting that emphasizes spontaneous, automatic, or subconscious creation.
Pop Art
An art movement that emerged in the 1950s and drew inspiration from popular culture and mass media, famously represented by artists like Andy Warhol.
Environmental Art
A form of art that addresses environmental issues and promotes social change, often created with natural materials or involving the landscape.
Conceptual Art
Art in which the idea presented by the artist is considered more important than the finished product, challenging traditional definitions of art.
Voltaire
A leading figure of the Enlightenment known for his advocacy of civil liberties and separation of church and state.
Thomas Jefferson
An American Enlightenment thinker and Founding Father who authored the Declaration of Independence.
Benjamin Franklin
An influential American statesman, inventor, and philosopher who embraced Enlightenment ideals.
Mary Wollstonecraft
An influential advocate for women's rights, emphasizing education and equality in her work.
Enlightenment Despots
Rulers who embraced Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power, implementing reforms in their states.
Catherine the Great
An Enlightenment despot who modernized Russia, encouraged Westernization, and promoted education.
Frederick II of Prussia
A military leader and Enlightenment monarch known for his reforms and patronage of the arts.
Joseph II of Austria
An Enlightenment ruler who implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing the Habsburg Empire.
Benedict de Spinoza
A philosopher who influenced Enlightenment thinking with his ideas on rationalism and the nature of existence.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
A philosopher and mathematician known for his contributions to rationalism and the concept of monads.
The Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority.
Declaration of Independence
Adopted on July 4, 1776, it announced the separation of the 13 American colonies from British rule.
The French Revolution
A period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799 that inspired revolutionary movements worldwide.
Magna Carta
Signed in 1215, it limited the powers of the English monarch and laid the foundation for modern democracy.
The Age of Reason
A term often used to describe the Enlightenment, focusing on the importance of reason in shaping ideas and governments.
Women’s Suffrage Movement
A movement that gained momentum in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, advocating for women's right to vote.
American Revolution
A conflict from 1775 to 1783 in which the Thirteen Colonies won independence from British rule.
The Scientific Revolution
A period of major scientific advancement during the 16th and 17th centuries that transformed views of society and nature.
Industrial Revolution
A period from the late 18th to the early 19th century marked by massive industrial growth and technological innovation.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Adopted by the United Nations in 1948, it outlines fundamental human rights to be universally protected.
